Geography Paper 2 November 2018

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. AEarthquakes and volcanoes occur only in areas with high rainfall and dense vegetation cover, regardless of the rock structure beneath.
2. BCrustal stress and magma movement occur mainly where plates interact, diverging, converging, or sliding past one another.
3. CCrustal stress builds up randomly across all continents at an equal rate, entirely unrelated to the position of plate edges or fault lines.
4. DVolcanic and earthquake activity is caused mainly by variations in ocean tides pulling rhythmically on the crust twice each day.

1. AA wide, roughly circular depression formed when a volcano's summit collapses into its emptied magma chamber.
2. BA tall, steep-sided cone built up of alternating layers of lava and ash erupted from a central vent.
3. CA long, narrow trough formed where two parallel faults let a central block of crust subside.
4. DA steep-sided, isolated hill of solidified lava left standing after surrounding ash has eroded away.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. ADry air is heated at ground level until it rises rapidly through the atmosphere without any moisture present at all.
2. BAir pressure remains perfectly constant while temperature falls steadily and evenly throughout the entire day.
3. CMoist air is cooled, typically by being lifted, until it falls below its dew point and water vapour condenses.
4. DWind speed increases sharply at ground level while humidity stays consistently low throughout the afternoon.

1. AWarm, moist air rises rapidly over warm ocean water, creating an intense low-pressure system, and Earth's rotation makes the inflowing winds spiral around its centre.
2. BCold, dry air sinks rapidly over the cool ocean surface far from the equator, creating a stable, calm high-pressure system with no rotation or thunderstorm activity at all.
3. CA sudden drop in sea-surface temperature causes the air directly above it to cool sharply and contract inward into a slow, weak spiral.
4. DStrong offshore winds blow moist air steadily away from the coast, forming a rotating band of cloud that stays entirely over dry land.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

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1. ARainforest, a dense, continuous, multi-layered forest canopy found under very high rainfall.
2. BTundra, a treeless landscape of mosses and lichens in a cold climate.
3. CMangrove swamp, waterlogged coastal forest growing in salty tidal mud.
4. DSavanna, open grassland with scattered trees, typical of a semi-arid climate.

1. ARemoving contour ridges so that rainwater drains off the land more quickly.
2. BPloughing up-and-down the slope to clear water from the fields faster.
3. CIncreasing livestock numbers to make fuller use of the available grazing.
4. DFencing off the degraded land to allow natural vegetation to regenerate.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. ADomestic subsistence use, such as woodfuel and fencing
2. BClearing land for cultivation of maize and other subsistence food crops on steep hillsides
3. COvergrazing by cattle and goats concentrated on the same communal pastureland every season
4. DPoor cultivation techniques, such as ploughing straight up and down the slope instead of along the contour

1. AOvergrazing improves soil fertility by adding large amounts of organic matter from constant vegetation regrowth.
2. BOvergrazing reduces livestock numbers automatically, which lowers pressure on the available communal pasture.
3. CToo many livestock strip vegetation cover faster than it can regenerate, exposing bare soil to erosion.
4. DOvergrazing increases vegetation cover across the whole paddock, which traps excess rainfall and causes waterlogging.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. AIt requires no skilled labour, engineering expertise or capital investment at all to set up and operate.
2. BIt is more dangerous for workers, with risks of collapse and poor ventilation, and needs costly shaft-sinking and ventilation systems.
3. CIt disturbs a much larger area of surface land, topsoil and natural vegetation than opencast mining does, since the whole claim area above the ore body must be stripped bare rather than reached through a narrow shaft.
4. DIt cannot reach ore bodies that lie deep below the surface, unlike deep shafts sunk hundreds of metres down.

1. AExporting all raw ore without any local beneficiation or value addition to boost short-term revenue.
2. BIgnoring environmental regulations entirely to speed up the rate of extraction and cut compliance costs.
3. CAbandoning mined pits and waste dumps without any rehabilitation, leaving open shafts exposed for decades.
4. DRehabilitating mined land by backfilling pits and replanting vegetation once mining ends.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. AIt eliminates the need to plan for seasonal changes in pasture availability across the whole grazing year.
2. BIt permanently removes the need for any water supply or dip tank anywhere on the farm.
3. CIt requires livestock to graze the same single paddock continuously all year without any rest period.
4. DIt allows grazed pasture time to recover, preventing overgrazing and maintaining pasture quality.

1. AContinuously growing the same crop, such as maize, on the same land every single season without any rotation.
2. BClearing and abandoning new virgin land every season instead of maintaining and improving existing fields.
3. CAvoiding all use of extension services and agricultural advisors when planning each season's crops.
4. DPractising crop rotation and conservation farming (minimum tillage) to maintain soil fertility.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. AA furniture-making factory, which mainly needs saws, sanders, wood glue and timber planks
2. BA bakery (bread-making industry)
3. CA textile (clothing) factory, which mainly needs sewing machines, fabric rolls and cutting tables
4. DA cement factory, which mainly needs a rotary kiln, limestone crushers and large storage silos

1. AA farm that grows maize and other staple crops for the domestic and export market
2. BA bakery that produces bread and pastries for sale to nearby households and shops
3. CAn information technology / software research and development company
4. DA bank that provides savings, loan and foreign currency exchange services to local businesses

Answer this when you sit the paper.

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1. AA line graph, showing how each energy source's contribution changes continuously over time
2. BA pie chart (divided circle)
3. CA scatter graph, plotting each energy source's output against its running cost per unit
4. DA bar chart, showing each energy source as a separate vertical column of varying height

1. AAir pollution from burning coal, including sulphur dioxide and carbon dioxide emissions.
2. BA reduction in greenhouse gas emissions compared with other energy sources such as hydro and solar power.
3. CImproved water quality in rivers and streams located immediately downstream of coal-fired power stations.
4. DA decrease in global warming due to consistently lower carbon emissions from coal combustion each year.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. AThe product is hazardous and must not be touched at all without protective gloves and a face mask.
2. BThe product is not permitted for sale in Zimbabwe or any other member state of the region.
3. CThe product or its packaging is made from recyclable material, or can itself be recycled.
4. DThe product must be disposed of by burning only, never through a regular municipal waste collection.

1. AProviding designated, well-managed landfill sites and promoting waste separation and recycling.
2. BBanning all forms of organised waste collection services across every urban residential area.
3. CMixing all types of waste together at the dumpsite to save space and reduce sorting costs.
4. DAllowing waste to be dumped at any convenient open site without restriction or council oversight.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

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1. AMoving up the hierarchy, settlements become more numerous but offer progressively fewer services and functions.
2. BAll levels of the hierarchy have roughly the same population size and exactly the same number of functions.
3. CMoving up the hierarchy, settlements become fewer in number, larger in population, and offer more functions.
4. DMoving up the hierarchy, settlements become smaller in population but steadily more numerous across the region.

1. AGrowth of informal settlements/slums as housing supply fails to keep up with demand.
2. BA significant decrease in urban unemployment as jobs outpace the number of migrants.
3. CReduced pressure on urban water, sanitation and health services.
4. DA decline in traffic congestion as fewer people use urban roads.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. ACommon Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
2. BCommunity of Eastern and Southern African Markets
3. CCommon Market for East and South American States
4. DCooperative Market for Eastern and Southern Africa

1. ATo prevent member states from attracting any foreign investment from outside the trading bloc.
2. BTo restrict all trade between member countries and encourage each economy to isolate itself completely.
3. CTo promote free trade between member states and widen the market for their goods and services.
4. DTo eliminate the use of money entirely in trade conducted between member states of the bloc.