Geography Paper 2 November 2015

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. AA river cliff, formed by erosion undercutting the outer bank.
2. BA slip-off slope, formed by gentle deposition of sand and gravel on the inner bank.
3. CAn oxbow lake, cut off from the main channel after the neck of a meander is breached.
4. DA levee, built up along the riverbank by repeated flooding and the deposition of coarse silt.

1. ASevere water scarcity for both domestic and agricultural use.
2. BFertile soils that support consistently high crop yields.
3. CMild, stable year-round temperatures ideal for farming.
4. DAbundant, reliable water supply for irrigation and domestic use.

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1. AA region where both hemispheres' seasons occur at once, giving two separate wet seasons each year.
2. BSouthern Hemisphere, where the rainy season falls between November and March, opposite the pattern shown.
3. CAn equatorial region with no seasonal variation in rainfall at all, receiving rain evenly throughout the year.
4. DNorthern Hemisphere, where the rainy season falls around the mid-year 'high-sun' months.

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Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. ATwo air masses of markedly different temperature meet along a front, forcing moist warm air to rise gently over the colder air.
2. BAir sinks steadily over a stationary high-pressure zone, warming and drying out completely as it descends toward the surface.
3. CIntense heating of the ground surface causes air to warm, rise rapidly and cool, forming tall cumulonimbus clouds.
4. DMoist air is forced to rise over a mountain barrier lying directly across the prevailing wind direction, cooling as it climbs.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. ABroad, thin leaves that maximise transpiration throughout the year, even during the driest months.
2. BShallow roots restricted to the top few centimetres of soil, spreading wide to catch light dry-season showers.
3. CEvergreen leaves retained throughout the long dry season despite the risk of water loss through the leaf surface.
4. DThick, corky, fire-resistant bark and deep tap roots that reach down to the water table.

1. AThe canopy layer becomes even denser, blocking more sunlight from the ground than before clearance began.
2. BExposed soil becomes vulnerable to erosion and nutrient leaching once the canopy is removed.
3. CButtress roots and lianas increase in number as more sunlight reaches the newly exposed forest floor.
4. DThe multi-layered structure becomes more complex, with additional canopy layers forming above the gap.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. ARemoving all limits on the tonnage of ore that a single claim may extract each year.
2. BExempting mining companies entirely from rehabilitating land once ore extraction has finished.
3. CRequiring environmental impact assessments before mining licences are granted.
4. DIgnoring artisanal and small-scale mining activity entirely when granting new mining licences.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. ASteep, rocky terrain in the area makes canal construction the easiest in the country.
2. BLow, unreliable rainfall makes irrigation necessary, aided by a nearby permanent river and fertile alluvial soils.
3. CThe area receives the highest, most reliable rainfall in the country, making irrigation unnecessary but convenient.
4. DThe area has no rivers, so irrigation water must be piped in from distant dams.

1. AIt improves the precision and uniformity of farm operations compared with manual methods.
2. BIt reduces dependence on manual labour and the drudgery of hand cultivation and weeding.
3. CIt has a high initial capital cost that is often unaffordable for smallholder farmers.
4. DIt speeds up ploughing, planting and harvesting operations across large areas of land.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. ASmall-scale, labour-intensive operations that are largely unregistered and untaxed.
2. BOperations restricted exclusively to fixed, permanent factory premises rather than street pavements.
3. CPredominantly capital-intensive operations using advanced automated machinery imported from overseas.
4. DLarge-scale operations with heavy capital investment and full tax registration with the government.

1. AThe waterfront offers direct access to sea transport for importing bulky raw materials and exporting products cheaply.
2. BThe waterfront has no space available for large industrial plants once port facilities are built.
3. CThe waterfront has the highest land prices anywhere in the city, attracting only prestige offices and corporate headquarters rather than industry.
4. DThe waterfront is furthest from any transport routes, ensuring privacy from prying competitors and the public.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

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1. AA radial settlement pattern, with buildings arranged in a circle around a central point.
2. BA dispersed/scattered settlement pattern, with buildings spread thinly across the land.
3. CA nucleated settlement pattern, with buildings tightly clustered together.
4. DA linear settlement pattern, with buildings strung out along a single route.

1. ALack of access to credit/mortgage finance, combined with high building costs relative to incomes.
2. BLow cost of land and building materials relative to incomes, making construction affordable for most families.
3. CEasy access to low-interest mortgage finance for all residents regardless of income or employment status.
4. DA steady oversupply of serviced residential land in most cities, keeping plot prices consistently low.

1. AA person moving house permanently within the same suburb of the same town for better accommodation.
2. BA tourist visiting a game park for a short weekend holiday before returning home the following week.
3. CA family permanently relocating to another country with no plan or intention of returning at any future date.
4. DSeasonal migrant workers moving to work on commercial farms during the planting season and returning home afterwards.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. ALowering the legal age of marriage to encourage earlier and more frequent childbearing among young couples.
2. BDiscouraging female education and employment opportunities for women beyond primary school level.
3. CPromoting family planning services and improving access to contraceptives.
4. DRemoving population education entirely from the secondary school geography curriculum.

1. AA policy where a government forgives all domestic taxes for one full year to stimulate spending.
2. BA situation where a country is unable to repay or service its external debt and struggles to secure further loans.
3. CA situation where a country has far more foreign currency reserves than it could ever realistically need.
4. DA temporary dip in a country's export earnings that self-corrects naturally within a single calendar month without any external assistance.

1. AAn unlimited supply of foreign currency for importing vehicles, spare parts and heavy construction equipment without restriction.
2. BA complete absence of vandalism or theft affecting roads, bridges and railway infrastructure.
3. CFlat, uniform terrain everywhere in the country, making road and rail construction cheap and simple.
4. DHigh cost of constructing and maintaining infrastructure, worsened by difficult terrain and limited government funding.