Geography Paper 2 June 2023

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1. Aintrusive igneous rocks, cooled at depth
2. Bchemically formed sedimentary rocks
3. Cregionally metamorphosed rocks
4. Dextrusive igneous rocks, cooled at the surface

1. Acarbonation, as slightly acidic rainwater dissolves minerals in the rock
2. Bgranular disintegration, as separate mineral grains loosen and crumble away as sand
3. Cexfoliation, as the outer skin expands and contracts more than the rock beneath
4. Dfrost shattering, as water freezes in the joints and forces them apart

1. Afreezing water washes fine particles out of the joint and undercuts the block
2. Bthe ice dissolves the cement that holds the mineral grains together
3. Cthe rock contracts far more than the ice does as the temperature falls
4. Dice expands by about nine per cent as it forms and presses on the joint walls

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. Athe granite soaks up rain in the wet season and releases it slowly as a spring
2. Bwater condenses out of the air onto the warm rock face every afternoon
3. Cthe rock is porous, so a shallow well sunk into it fills from within
4. Drain runs off the bare rock quickly and can be led into a tank or small dam

1. Aproviding building stone, road ballast and paid work for local people
2. Braising the level of the water table under the surrounding fields
3. Cimproving the fertility of the soils on the slopes below the outcrop face
4. Dincreasing the rainfall received by the area around the quarry

1. Athe record of the extremes of temperature a place has ever experienced
2. Bthe state of the atmosphere at a place at a given moment, changing daily
3. Cthe average of atmospheric conditions taken over thirty five years or more
4. Dthe seasonal pattern a place can be expected to repeat every single year

Answer this when you sit the paper.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. Athe maximum and minimum temperature reached
2. Bthe amount of water vapour held in the air
3. Cthe direction from which the wind is blowing
4. Dthe depth of rain that has fallen in 24 hours

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1. Aa Mediterranean climate
2. Ba savanna, or tropical wet and dry, climate
3. Can equatorial climate
4. Da hot desert climate

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. Ahot, dry summers and mild, wet winters, with most of the rain in winter
2. Brain spread evenly through the year, with no month below 100 mm
3. Ca wet season lasting two months, followed by drought for the rest of the year
4. Dhot, wet summers and cool, dry winters, with most of the rain in summer

1. Aplanting short-season, drought-tolerant small grains such as sorghum and rapoko
2. Bplanting one high-yielding, long-season maize variety over the whole plot
3. Cploughing the land deeply at the start of every rainy season to bury weeds
4. Dburning the crop residues in the field before planting to release their nutrients

1. Aan institutional area of schools and government offices
2. Ban industrial area, sited there for rail access
3. Ca residential area of low density housing
4. Dthe central commercial area of the town

1. Acommercial centre of the town
2. Blow density residential suburb
3. Cindustrial estate on the edge of the town
4. Dinstitutional zone of public buildings

1. Aland values and rents are highest there and fall away with distance
2. Bplanning law requires all public buildings to be placed at the centre
3. Csoils at the centre are deeper and can carry heavier foundations
4. Dthe centre is usually the highest ground and so the driest to build on

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. Ashows every feature on the ground, but at a scale that changes with distance
2. Bis drawn to one constant scale, so any distance can be measured directly off it
3. Cnames the streets and buildings, so places can be identified without a key
4. Dleaves out everything except the roads and the outlines of the blocks

1. Athe x-ray part of the spectrum
2. Bthe radio wave part of the spectrum used by radar
3. Cthe gamma ray part of the spectrum
4. Dthe visible light part of the spectrum

1. Athe conventional symbols used to draw them on the print
2. Bthe names printed beside them by the survey department
3. Ctheir shape, size, tone, texture, pattern and shadow
4. Dthe grid reference given in the margin of the photograph

1. AGIS output is limited to the one scale that was chosen when the data was first captured
2. Bdata is held in separate layers that can be overlaid, analysed and updated at will
3. Ca map produced from a GIS can be read without a key, a title or a scale bar
4. Da map produced from a GIS is always drawn at a larger scale than a printed one

1. Abiotechnology
2. Bbiomagnification
3. Cbiodiversity
4. Dbiomass

1. Aof habitats and ecosystems found within one country or region
2. Bof crops and livestock that a single farming household chooses to keep
3. Cof different species living together in one habitat or ecosystem
4. Dof genes and inherited characteristics found within a single species

1. Aits individuals are physically smaller than those of a genetically diverse population
2. Ba single new disease or drought can affect every individual in the same way
3. Cit grows more slowly than a diverse population of the same species does
4. Dit produces fewer offspring in each breeding season than a diverse one

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1. Athe temperate coniferous forest biome
2. Bthe tundra biome of the high northern latitudes
3. Cthe equatorial rainforest biome
4. Dthe savanna, or tropical grassland, biome

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1. Amake room for the flowers that open at the start of the rains
2. Bcut water loss by transpiration when soil water is short
3. Cprotect their leaves from being eaten by browsing animals
4. Dallow more sunlight to reach the grass growing beneath them

1. ASouth Africa loses the largest share of its forestland each year and Zimbabwe one of the smallest
2. BZimbabwe and Malawi each lose almost exactly the same share of their forestland
3. Call six of the countries listed lose more than one per cent of their forestland
4. DTanzania loses a larger share of its natural forestland each year than South Africa or Malawi

1. Aharvesting and selling the fruit pulp as a dried powder
2. Bclearing the tree to plant a field of cotton in its place
3. Csawing the trunk into planks for the furniture trade
4. Dburning the wood to make and sell bags of charcoal

1. Aeggs collected from the household's free range poultry
2. Bcotton lint sold to a buyer at the end of the season
3. Ckraal manure spread on the fields before planting
4. Dmaize grain delivered to the Grain Marketing Board

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. Amaize is the cash crop and cotton is the household's staple food grain
2. Bboth are grown for the household alone, as neither has a ready market
3. Cmaize is grown to feed the household and cotton is grown to earn cash
4. Dboth are grown only for sale, since neither can be eaten by the family

1. Asmall grains survive a poor rainy season, so some grain is harvested anyway
2. Bsmall grains fetch a far higher price than maize on every local market
3. Csmall grains need far more fertiliser than maize, so they use up the surplus
4. Dsmall grains ripen only in a wet year, which balances the maize crop

1. Aa line graph with the five crops plotted along the horizontal axis
2. Ba pie chart divided into sectors, each one per cent being 3.6 degrees
3. Ca scatter graph plotting each crop against its own percentage as a point
4. Da flow map with bands whose width shows each crop's percentage

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. Astate forest reserves run by the Forestry Commission
2. Burban residential stands sold on the open market
3. CA1 smallholder plots and A2 commercial farm plots
4. Dcommunal land held under traditional chiefly tenure

1. Atheir plots are too large for the loan sizes the banks are able to offer
2. Btheir offer letters and permits are not accepted by banks as collateral
3. Cthe crops they grow cannot be sold through any formal marketing channel
4. Dbanks lend only to farmers who have completed an Agritex training course

1. Awild animals and people compete for the same land and resources, and each harms the other
2. Ba national park is fenced so that the animals kept inside it can no longer leave the reserve
3. Chunting quotas are set too low for the safari operators working in an area
4. Dtourists and residents disagree over who should receive the park entrance fees

1. Acultivation and settlement expanding right up to the park boundary
2. Bthe erection and regular maintenance of a game fence on the boundary
3. Cthe sinking of boreholes and water points well inside the park
4. Dthe translocation of surplus elephant to an understocked reserve

1. Athe noise of tourist vehicles frightens them out of the park
2. Bthe water and grazing inside the park have dried up
3. Cthe park staff drive them out to protect the remaining grass
4. Dcooler air outside the park draws them out beyond the fence

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. Amakes the occupier of the land responsible for the wildlife on it
2. Ballows the hunting of any species at any time of the year
3. Csets the price at which hunting trophies are sold to overseas buyers
4. Dtransfers the ownership of all wildlife to the safari operators

1. Arural district councils are given no legal role at all in managing the resources near them
2. Bpoverty pushes people to use resources for immediate survival, and enforcement is weak
3. Cthe country has no legislation at all covering the use of its natural resources
4. Dthe natural resources of the country are too scarce to be worth managing

1. Asharing hunting and tourism revenue with the community through CAMPFIRE
2. Bincreasing the number of armed anti-poaching patrols inside the park
3. Cmoving surplus animals from an overstocked reserve to an understocked one
4. Dfencing the whole park boundary with an electrified game fence

1. Aa small stream in a broad open basin far from any market for the power
2. Ba river with a large steady discharge and a narrow gorge giving a big head of water
3. Ca slow shallow river crossing a wide flat plain over permeable sandy beds
4. Da seasonal river running through a densely settled valley floored with deep alluvial soils

1. Araise the temperature of the water stored in the reservoir
2. Bcut the amount of silt the river carries into the reservoir
3. Csupply the concrete aggregate used in building the dam wall
4. Dcarry the weight of the dam wall and hold the water back

1. Auses a fuel that has to be mined and carried to the plant
2. Bgenerates steadily by day and by night and in any weather
3. Cis cheaper to install than a solar array of the same output
4. Dcan be developed at almost any site in almost any country

1. Acommunication and entertainment
2. Bheating and cooling in the home
3. Cdriving machinery and power tools
4. Dlighting a building after dark

1. Adriving mechanical tools and machines
2. Blighting rooms and yards after dark
3. Ccommunication and information
4. Dheating water for the household

1. Adefrosting the refrigerator once every second year
2. Breplacing incandescent bulbs with LED energy-saver bulbs
3. Crunning the washing machine with a half load each time
4. Dleaving the geyser thermostat set at its highest setting

1. Athe digester can be built from materials found on almost any farm
2. Bit burns without smoke, so nothing at all is used up in burning it
3. Cthe dung and household waste that feed the digester are produced daily
4. Dthe gas burnt is replaced by the carbon dioxide that burning gives off

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. Atrades only inside the country in which it was first registered
2. Bis owned jointly by the governments of all the countries in which it operates
3. Cis limited by law to one factory in each region that it enters
4. Doperates in several countries at once, with its head office in one of them

1. Ashorten the distance between its head office and its board
2. Bmove its research and design staff closer to its main market
3. Ctake advantage of the lower wage costs found there
4. Dreduce the amount it has to spend on advertising its brand

1. Afood processing and canning
2. Bfurniture making and joinery
3. Cstructural metal fabrication and welding
4. Dclothing and textile manufacture

1. Apay wages and taxes under a formal written contract of employment
2. Bmake garments to order in small numbers, using very little capital
3. Cproduce a higher volume of standardised garments for the export market
4. Demploy a specialised worker for each separate stage of the making

1. Acan supply the export market with large standing orders
2. Bspreads its overheads over a very large volume of standard output
3. Cneeds very little capital, so an ordinary household can start it
4. Dobtains its cloth more cheaply than a large factory can

1. Athe safety regulations apply only to firms that export what they produce
2. Bthe operators are protected from inspection by their trade unions
3. Cthe sites are unregistered and mobile, so inspectors cannot trace them
4. Dthe work done at such sites carries no hazards worth regulating

1. Athe council fines any operator found wearing protective clothing
2. Bsafety equipment wears out faster than the machines it protects
3. Ctheir customers insist that the work be done as cheaply as possible
4. Dprotective equipment costs money and slows the work down

Answer this when you sit the paper.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. Athe dust and noise caused by blasting near a settlement
2. Bacid drainage from disused workings entering the groundwater
3. Cforeign currency earned by exporting mineral concentrates
4. Dthe pits and waste dumps left when a mine stops working

1. Ait moves far less waste rock than a shaft mine of the same output
2. Bno shafts or tunnels have to be sunk, supported, ventilated or pumped
3. Cthe ore it produces is of a much higher grade than shaft mining gives
4. Dit uses only hand tools, since the ore lies close to the ground surface

1. Acannot reach a deposit that lies at or very near the ground surface
2. Brequires far more skilled labour than any other method of mining
3. Cproduces a much smaller output for each worker employed than shaft mining does
4. Dstrips a large area of vegetation and topsoil and leaves deep pits behind

1. Aa conveyor belt running along the floor of the valley
2. Ba ramp cut down the side of an open pit to the ore
3. Ca cage or skip hoisted up the vertical shaft by the winder
4. Dwater pumped up through the ventilation pipes to the surface

1. Akeep a reserve for the mine to work in some later year of its life
2. Braise the price of the mineral by holding back supply
3. Clet water drain away downwards through the ore body
4. Dsupport the roof of the workings and prevent a collapse

1. Afitting the winding cage with a second rope and brake
2. Bsuppressing rock dust with water sprays and issuing dust masks
3. Cinstalling steel and concrete roof supports in the working stopes
4. Dpumping water continuously out of the lowest workings

1. Afactors of natural increase
2. Bfactors of counter-urbanisation
3. Cpush factors of migration
4. Dpull factors of migration

1. Athe natural increase of the city's own population
2. Bthe demographic transition of a rural district
3. Cpush factors, driving people out of the city
4. Dpull factors, attracting people into the city

1. Athe wider use of family planning in the rural districts
2. Ba fall in the number of children born to each household
3. Cimproved health care, immunisation and clean water supplies
4. Da rise in the age at which most people marry for the first time

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. Aplanned, low density housing served by tarred roads and sewers
2. Bunplanned, high density housing of scrap materials, with no services
3. Cfactory-built flats put up by the city council and let out at a low rent
4. Dlarge houses standing in their own grounds on the edge of the city

1. Asalinisation of the soils in the fields immediately surrounding the settlement
2. Ba fall in the average air temperature over the settlement
3. Cpollution of streams and wells, and outbreaks of cholera and typhoid
4. Da steady rise in the water table beneath the settlement

1. Araising the birth rate sharply in the worst affected districts
2. Bincreasing the number of adults available for farm work in each cropping season
3. Creducing the amount families spend on medical care and on funerals
4. Dcausing illness and death among adults aged 15 to 49, the most productive group

1. Aa polygamous household
2. Ba nuclear family household
3. Ca child-headed household
4. Dan extended family household

1. Astill has its natural vegetation cover and unpolluted soil, air and water
2. Bhas been cleared of vegetation but has not yet been built on or cultivated
3. Chas lost its topsoil but keeps its original plant and animal communities
4. Dis protected by law, whatever the condition of its soil and water may be

1. Athe lithosphere, the land and soil
2. Bthe hydrosphere, the rivers and groundwater
3. Cthe biosphere, the living things
4. Dthe atmosphere, the air around us

1. Athe noise made by the picks and shovels used at the workings
2. Bthe loss of shade where trees along the river bank are cut down
3. Csmoke from the cooking fires lit at the panning camp each evening
4. Dsilt and mercury washed off the workings into the river water

1. Aa licence fee paid each year to the rural district council
2. Ba rehabilitation bond that is paid before mining begins
3. Ca royalty paid to the state on every tonne of mineral sold
4. Dan export permit issued for the mineral that is produced

1. Araising the chimney so the smoke disperses further away
2. Bcooling the smoke so that it sinks close to the ground
3. Crecycling the ash back into the raw material store
4. Dtrapping dust and gases before they leave the chimney

1. Athe gold they dig for has no buyers, so the pits are simply abandoned
2. Bthe law requires no permit of any kind for mining anywhere in Zimbabwe
3. Cthe ground they work is too hard for their shallow pits to be dug deep enough to matter
4. Dmost operators are unlicensed and mobile, so no rehabilitation can be enforced

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. Athe spread of a common language of business
2. Badvances in information and communication technology
3. Cthe growth of regional trade blocs such as SADC
4. Dthe rise of container shipping across the world's oceans

1. Ashortens the distance goods must travel between countries
2. Braises the cost of importing goods from other countries
3. Climits the number of countries with which a firm may trade
4. Dmakes it cheaper and simpler to sell goods across a border

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1. Ais the capital and the country's main administrative and commercial centre
2. Blies at the geographical centre of the country, equidistant from every border
3. Chas the only bus terminus licensed to handle long distance traffic
4. Dis the only city in Zimbabwe with a tarred road running out of it

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1. Acloser to Harare than any of the centres with wider bands
2. Bthe only centres on the map with a direct rail link through to Harare
3. Cremote from Harare, thinly populated and served by poorer roads
4. Dlarger than the towns whose bands are drawn widest on the map

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. Acutting the time trucks spend waiting to be cleared
2. Bincreasing the duty charged on goods crossing the border
3. Creducing the number of vehicles allowed to cross each day
4. Draising the axle load limit permitted on the highway

1. Athe ports of Durban, Beira and Maputo, reached by road and rail corridors
2. Bits own container port on Lake Kariba, reached by the northern railway
3. Cairfreight through Harare airport, which carries the bulk of imports by weight
4. Dpipelines crossing Botswana and Zambia to reach the Atlantic coast