Geography Paper 2 June 2013

1. AAn increase in the river's velocity.
2. BAn increase in the channel gradient.
3. CAn increase in the river's discharge.
4. DA decrease in the river's velocity.

1. Awhen deposition completely fills the main channel, forcing the river to find an entirely new course around the blocked loop.
2. Bwhen a dam is built across the river and the still water behind it slowly buries the neck of land under sediment.
3. Cduring a drought, when the river dries up completely and its reduced flow can no longer maintain the shape of either loop.
4. Dduring a flood, when high water breaks through the narrowed neck.

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1. Athe average of the daily maximum temperatures recorded during that month.
2. Bthe temperature recorded at midday on each day of the month.
3. Cthe highest temperature ever recorded in that month.
4. Dthe average of the daily minimum temperatures recorded during that month.

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1. Acold ocean currents cool the air and the sub-tropical high pressure belt suppresses rainfall.
2. Bwarm ocean currents increase evaporation over the sea, driving frequent onshore rainfall along the coast throughout the year.
3. Cthe coasts lie directly in the path of seasonal monsoon winds that sweep in from the ocean bringing heavy, reliable rainfall.
4. Dhigh mountain ranges immediately inland block rain-bearing winds from ever reaching the narrow coastal strip below.

1. Asmall, waxy or spiny leaves, which reduce water loss through transpiration.
2. Bbroad, thin leaves with a large surface area, which maximise photosynthesis by capturing as much sunlight as possible.
3. Cshallow roots that spread wide just below the surface, reaching only the moisture left after light overnight dew.
4. Dcontinuous leaf growth throughout the year, regardless of the season or the amount of rainfall received.

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1. Ait uses a renewable resource and produces no smoke or greenhouse gas emissions.
2. Bit produces large amounts of ash and other solid waste that must be disposed of safely away from the plant.
3. Cit causes far more air pollution than a thermal power station, releasing smoke and gases straight into the atmosphere.
4. Dit requires a continuous, reliable supply of coal delivered to the power station to keep the turbines running.

1. Aextensive ranching.
2. Bshifting cultivation.
3. Cmixed farming.
4. Dmarket gardening.

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1. Asubsistence farming.
2. Bshifting cultivation.
3. Cintensive farming.
4. Dextensive farming.

1. Athe northern savanna belt, well away from any coast, port facility or established rail network.
2. BSouth Africa and its neighbouring states, such as Lesotho and Swaziland.
3. Cthe central Sahara desert region, far from any coastline, port or major transport route.
4. Dthe deep interior of the Congo rainforest, well away from any coastal port or rail line.

1. ASite 2, even though it has no road or rail connections at all, since it is the most central of the three inland sites.
2. BSite 1, since it is linked by both road and rail to raw materials and the market.
3. CSite 3, since it lies within a raw-material area near a market, even though it has no road or rail connection either.
4. Deither Site 2 or Site 3, since both lie inland and would therefore be cheaper to develop than a coastal site.

1. Athe site is too far from any market to sell its finished goods without spending heavily on distribution over the extra distance involved.
2. Btransporting raw materials and finished goods would be costly and difficult without road or rail links.
3. Cthe site has no available land left for construction once the raw-material and market areas surrounding it are excluded from the survey.
4. Dthe site has no raw materials of its own nearby, so every input would still have to be brought in from another region entirely, adding extra cost and delay.

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1. Athe construction of new factories in rural farming areas far away from any existing town or city.
2. Bthe increase in the proportion of a country's population living in towns and cities.
3. Cthe increase in the total land area of a country through gradual settlement of previously unoccupied regions.
4. Dthe movement of people away from towns and cities back into rural areas in search of farmland.

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1. Alower birth rates and higher life expectancy at birth.
2. Bequal birth rates and death rates.
3. Chigher life expectancy but lower birth rates.
4. Dhigher birth rates and lower life expectancy at birth.

1. Aa steadily declining total population caused by falling birth rates over successive generations.
2. Ba low birth rate and high life expectancy, a pattern typical of a developed, industrialised country.
3. Ca high birth rate and low life expectancy, typical of a developing country.
4. Dan ageing population, with noticeably more elderly people than young people at the base of the pyramid.

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1. Aperishable goods such as fresh fruit and vegetables.
2. Bfragile goods that need minimal handling.
3. Cheavy, bulky goods such as minerals and coal.
4. Durgent, high-value documents.