Geography Paper 2 June 2019

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1. Arivers erode away the softer surrounding rock on all sides over a very long geological period, leaving a resistant, harder block of rock standing well above the surrounding plain.
2. Btensional forces stretch the crust, two parallel faults form, and the central block remains upstanding while the blocks on either side subside as grabens.
3. Ccompressional forces fold the rock strata upward at a converging plate boundary, without any faulting taking place at all.
4. Dmagma intrudes and cools slowly beneath the surface, gradually doming the overlying rock layers into a mountain shape.

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1. Aconverging trade winds at the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone force air to rise.
2. Bthe warm front overtakes and rises over the retreating cold front, forming a single warm air mass.
3. Cthe faster-moving cold front catches up with and lifts the warm front completely off the ground.
4. Dintense convectional heating causes localised thunderstorm cells to form.

1. Abetween latitudes 40° and 60° North and South, in the cool temperate zone.
2. Balong the Arctic and Antarctic circles, in the polar regions of the globe.
3. Cbetween the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.
4. Donly within 5° of the Equator, in the narrow equatorial belt itself.

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1. Athe reflected solar radiation bounced off objects on the earth's surface.
2. Bthe incident solar radiation before it reaches the ground or strikes any object at all.
3. Cthe direct heat emitted continuously by the sun's core, transmitted straight to the sensor.
4. Dradio signals broadcast deliberately from ground stations up towards the orbiting satellite.

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1. Atrees
2. Bbacteria
3. Clion
4. Dsoil

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1. Aplanting more trees in urban parks.
2. Bconstructing new boreholes in rural areas.
3. Cintroducing stricter fines and legal penalties for offenders.
4. Drunning radio and television awareness campaigns.

1. Aincreased rainfall and flooding across the communal area during the wet season.
2. Bconstruction of new urban housing estates on land that was previously used for farming.
3. Cestablishment of wildlife conservancies set aside for tourism and conservation purposes.
4. Dpoor farming methods/overcultivation of the land.

1. ACopper
2. BNickel
3. CIron ore
4. DCoal

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1. Alocal employment of any kind is strictly prohibited under the community-ownership rules.
2. Bthe community receives a share of royalties and dividends, funding local schools and clinics.
3. Cthe community pays a monthly fee directly to the mine for the right to live nearby.
4. Dthe mine's profits are retained solely by its foreign shareholders, with nothing shared locally.

1. Aland leased short-term from a commercial bank purely for large-scale commercial ranching.
2. Bfully mechanised state farms producing exclusively high-value cash crops for export.
3. Clarge single-owner commercial estates producing entirely for export markets using heavy, modern imported machinery.
4. Dland held under communal tenure, farmed on small, often fragmented plots mainly for subsistence.

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1. ARegion I has the flattest, most level land anywhere in the country, ideal for large-scale mechanised farming operations.
2. BRegion I has high, reliable rainfall and cool temperatures suited to moisture-demanding crops.
3. CRegion I has the highest temperatures recorded anywhere in the country, year-round.
4. DRegion I has the driest climate in the country, ideal for growing drought-resistant crops.

1. Athey operate exclusively for export markets, selling nothing at all to local customers.
2. Bthey are fully exempted from paying any form of tax to central or local government.
3. Cthey create local employment and use local raw materials, e.g. small welding or carpentry workshops.
4. Dthey eliminate the need for any large-scale industry whatsoever to operate anywhere within the country's borders.

1. Araw materials needed by every single industry in the country are found only within these particular city boundaries.
2. Brural areas generally have much lower land values, which makes them unattractive to investors.
3. Cthese cities have the largest markets and the best road/rail links for raw materials and finished goods.
4. Dgovernment regulations strictly forbid any industry from locating in rural areas.

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1. Athermal (coal) power.
2. Bhydroelectric power, generated using flowing water.
3. Cbiogas, produced from decomposing organic waste.
4. Dsolar power, generated using sunlight.

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1. Aa sudden, total ban on all use of hydroelectric power across the whole country.
2. Ba deliberate shift away from fossil fuels towards renewable energy sources.
3. Ca steady increase in the country's overall coal mining output during the same period.
4. Da complete collapse of the country's entire electricity supply system over that period.

1. Adeliberate burning of land to clear it for farming (slash-and-burn).
2. Bheavy, reliable rainfall spread evenly throughout the year across the whole region.
3. Cdeliberate planting of fire-resistant tree species along the edges of fields.
4. Dconstruction of wide firebreaks cleared around fields to stop fires from spreading.

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1. Afewer, larger fires can destroy more land than many small ones.
2. Beach fire in 2012 burnt exactly the same area as in 2011.
3. Cthe number of fires and the area burnt always rise and fall together.
4. Dveld fires had no effect on land area in either year.

1. Adistribution describes the pattern of where people are spread across an area, while density is the average number of people per unit area.
2. Bdensity describes where people actually live across an area, while distribution measures the average number of people per square kilometre.
3. Cdistribution only ever applies to urban areas, while density only ever applies to rural areas.
4. Ddistribution and density mean exactly the same thing and are used interchangeably by geographers.

1. Athe core is the most accessible point where transport routes converge, so it commands the highest land values, which only high-earning functions like banks can afford.
2. Bthe frame zone has noticeably better road access and parking than the core zone does.
3. Cthe core has the cheapest land of anywhere in the whole city, undercutting even the outer suburbs, dormitory towns and industrial estates that ring the entire metropolitan area.
4. Dlocal by-laws strictly prohibit banks from operating anywhere outside the designated core zone.

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1. Ato restrict the free movement of goods and people between member countries of the bloc.
2. Bto increase tariffs and other trade barriers on goods traded between member states.
3. Cto promote free trade among member states by reducing tariffs and trade barriers.
4. Dto prevent any form of cooperation between member states on shared infrastructure projects.

1. Atransport cost cannot be compared this way.
2. Bwater or pipeline transport.
3. Croad transport.
4. Dall modes cost the same regardless of distance.

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