Agriculture Paper 2 November 2020

1. AVillagers are paid to move all of the game animals out of their own area
2. BEach household is allowed to sell any wild animal it finds on its own land
3. CA share of the fees paid by hunters and tourists goes back to the community
4. DThe district is paid a fixed grant by the state for every wild animal that is shot

1. AA supply of milk and eggs for the villages living next to the game reserves
2. BTourist earnings, employment, game meat and hides, and cultural importance
3. CTourist earnings only, since wildlife has no other use to the country at all
4. DCheap grazing for cattle, free draught power and manure for the crop lands

1. APoison the water points nearest the fields so the herd moves away for good
2. BSet wire snares along the paths the animals use when entering the fields
3. CShoot as many of the animals as the villagers can, and sell the ivory taken
4. DReport to the wildlife authority and use approved deterrents while waiting

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. ABiodiversity is the naming of new species, ecology is the breeding of farm animals
2. BBiodiversity is the variety of living things, ecology is the study of how they interact
3. CBiodiversity is the study of soil chemistry, ecology is the counting of animals in a herd
4. DBiodiversity is the total rainfall of an area, ecology is the shape of its landforms

1. ALime burns the leaves of any crop that is planted in the following season
2. BLime must be kept away from the air or it loses its calcium very quickly
3. CLime dissolves slowly and must touch the soil particles it is to act on
4. DLime blows away on the surface but is completely safe once it is buried

1. ALime may only be applied to land that has never carried a crop of any kind
2. BThe rate depends on how acid the soil is and on how much clay it holds
3. CThe analysis tells the farmer which day of the season the lime may be spread
4. DThe laboratory supplies the lime free of charge once the sample is tested

1. AAn error in reading the cylinder, since the two volumes should always add up
2. BThe air that was held in the pore spaces of the soil before the water went in
3. CThe water that has been taken up chemically into the soil minerals themselves
4. DThe soil particles that have dissolved completely into the water in the cylinder

1. ADrying makes the soil particles swell so that the reading is easier to take
2. BWater already in the pores would take up space that the air should occupy
3. COven drying kills the soil organisms so that they cannot drink up any water
4. DA moist sample would float in the cylinder instead of settling at the bottom

1. AApplying compost each season and keeping the stocking rate on the veld low
2. BCultivating up and down the slope and leaving the land bare between crops
3. CPloughing along the contour and leaving the crop residues on the surface
4. DPlanting a cover crop after harvest and digging a grassed waterway below

1. AThey need no fertiliser at all, so a farmer can plant them on any bare land
2. BThey can be planted in the dry season because they do not need rain at all
3. CThey can finish a crop on the short, unreliable rains of Regions IV and V
4. DThey give a much heavier yield than any long season variety in every region

1. AA resistant variety carries the crop through an attack without a spray being needed
2. BA resistant variety kills the insects that land on it and so protects the neighbours
3. CA resistant variety can be planted at any time of year without any risk whatsoever
4. DA resistant variety cures a plant that has already become infected in the field

1. AIn controlled pollination the flowers are left open so that any pollen may reach them
2. BIn controlled pollination no pollen is used at all, so the seed forms without a father
3. CIn controlled pollination only wind carries the pollen, while insects do so in the open
4. DIn controlled pollination the breeder chooses both parents and excludes stray pollen

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. AGermination is the seed resuming growth and putting out a radicle, emergence is the shoot appearing above the soil
2. BGermination is the shoot appearing above the soil surface, emergence is the seed swelling as it first takes up water
3. CGermination is the flowering of the crop in the field, emergence is the ripening of the grain on the plant
4. DGermination is the sowing of the seed in the furrow, emergence is the covering of that seed with soil

1. AWool, mohair, honey and eggs, sold to traders at the local business centre
2. BTransport only, since the animals are too small to be used for any other work
3. CDraught power, manure, milk, meat and hides, and a store of family wealth
4. DMeat only, because a communal beast has no other use to the household

1. AThe herd grows by breeding and can be sold for cash when money is needed
2. BThe herd can be exchanged at a bank for its exact value in notes at any time
3. CThe herd loses value every year, so it must be sold within twelve months
4. DThe herd may only be used to pay taxes and cannot be sold for any other need

1. AThey grow horns more quickly, which makes them safer to yoke to a plough
2. BThey begin to give milk, which is why an ox is kept in a dairy herd at all
3. CThey become resistant to ticks and no longer have to be dipped with the herd
4. DThey become easier to handle and cannot breed indiscriminately in the herd

1. AThe vagina produces the ova each cycle, the uterus stores them until fertilisation happens
2. BThe vagina produces the milk for the young, the uterus produces the hormones of pregnancy
3. CThe vagina receives semen at mating and is the birth canal, the uterus carries the foetus
4. DThe vagina carries the foetus during pregnancy, the uterus receives the semen at mating

1. AIt blows the light chaff and husks away from the grain as it falls out
2. BIt carries the shelled cobs upwards into the bag hung on the machine
3. CIt measures the quantity of grain that has passed through the machine
4. DIt rubs and beats the cobs so that the grains are stripped off the cob

1. AIt draws the cobs into the machine from the tray at the correct rate
2. BIt dries the shelled grain so that it can go straight into the store
3. CIt blows the light chaff and husk away so that clean grain is left
4. DIt cools the engine of the sheller while the machine is being worked

1. ACobs are cut into small pieces by a blade and the grain is picked out by hand
2. BCobs are rubbed between a moving part and a fixed part until the grain comes off
3. CCobs are heated until the grain expands and falls away from the cob on its own
4. DCobs are soaked in water so that the grain swells and then floats off the cob easily

1. A3 rolls
2. B4 rolls
3. C1 roll
4. D2 rolls

1. AThey replace the need to budget, because the past repeats itself exactly
2. BThey are required before a farmer is allowed to buy seed from a merchant
3. CThey show whether the farm made a profit, and support a loan application
4. DThey are needed only to prove to a neighbour how large the harvest was

1. A$900
2. B$1 000
3. C$1 400
4. D$1 450

1. AA change in the quantity supplied and a change in what buyers demand
2. BA change in the colour of the packaging and the day the market opens
3. CA change in the farmer's age and the number of workers on the farm
4. DA change in the distance to the farm gate and the make of the lorry

1. ALeave the stores standing open so that a thief has no reason to break the door down
2. BKeep the fuel drums inside the grain store where they are out of the sun
3. CBurn the grass round the buildings at the height of the dry windy season
4. DLock and guard the stores and brand the stock, and plough fireguards round them

1. AThey protect catchments, hold soil against erosion, break wind and shelter wildlife
2. BThey raise the temperature of the district and lower the rainfall it receives yearly
3. CThey use up the soil nutrients so that the surrounding fields become far poorer
4. DThey attract lightning, which is the only way nitrogen reaches the soil at all

1. AGrazing for cattle and a supply of milk from the animals kept in the trees
2. BA source of drinking water, because trees hold water inside their own trunks
3. CA supply of fertiliser, since the trees make nitrate that washes into the soil
4. DFirewood, poles for building and curing, timber, employment and medicines

1. AA woodlot grows without any rain, so it cannot be affected by a drought
2. BWood from a woodlot burns for longer, so far less of it needs to be cut
3. CA woodlot is fenced, so the trees inside it never need to be felled at all
4. DA woodlot is replanted or coppiced after felling, so the stock is replaced

1. AAs soon as the first true leaves appear, while the seedlings are still small
2. BOnly once the seedlings have grown a metre tall and have hardened their stems
3. COnly after the seedlings have begun to flower in the germination trays
4. DAt the end of the dry season, whatever size the seedlings have reached

1. AHolding the stem transfers disease from the worker's hand down to the roots
2. BThe stem must stay clean so that the seedling can be graded for sale
3. CA crushed stem kills the seedling, while a damaged leaf is soon replaced
4. DThe leaf is stronger than the stem and can carry the weight far better

1. AThe bare ground keeps the termites out of the plantation for the whole year
2. BA strip of bare ground stops a veld fire from running into the standing trees
3. CThe ploughed strip lets rain water soak in and reach the roots of all the trees
4. DThe strip marks the boundary so that the plantation can be measured yearly

1. AThinning is done so that the plantation uses up the soil nutrients more quickly
2. BThinning removes the tallest trees so that the plantation stays an even height
3. CRemoving some trees leaves the rest room, light and water to grow bigger
4. DRemoving some trees makes the plantation easier to walk through when felling

1. AThinning, in which some of the surviving trees are removed from the block
2. BPruning, in which the lower branches of the surviving trees are cut off
3. CCoppicing, in which the surviving trees are cut back to their own stumps
4. DBlanking, in which fresh seedlings are planted into the gaps early on

1. AThe product is harmless and may be used without any protective clothing at all
2. BThe product is out of date and must be returned to the supplier at once
3. CThe product is a fertiliser rather than a pesticide and is safe to handle
4. DThe product is highly toxic and demands the strictest handling precautions

1. AThe one with the lower LD50 costs less per litre than the other product
2. BThe one with the lower LD50 is more toxic, since a smaller dose is lethal
3. CThe one with the lower LD50 is safer, since a larger dose is needed to kill
4. DThe one with the lower LD50 lasts longer in the soil after it is applied

1. AAmber, marking products that are entirely safe for use around a home
2. BBlue, marking the products that carry the very highest risk of poisoning
3. CGreen, marking products unlikely to cause acute harm in normal use
4. DRed, marking products that may be handled without any precautions

1. AThe residue left on the surface holds moisture in and slows runoff away
2. BThe residue draws the rain clouds towards the field and raises the rainfall
3. CThe residue heats the soil so the crop can be planted a month earlier
4. DThe residue kills the weeds so that no further weeding is ever required

1. AThe soil is compacted hard by machinery, so the rain water simply runs straight off
2. BThe soil is burnt clean before planting, so nothing is left that a storm could carry
3. CThe soil is left covered and undisturbed, so there is less loose soil to move
4. DThe soil is turned much more deeply, so the rain water cannot reach the surface

1. AThe crop can be harvested twice over from the same one planting during a single season
2. BNo fertiliser of any kind is needed once the practice has been adopted on a field
3. CThe land does not have to be weeded again at any point during the whole season
4. DLess draught power and labour are needed, so planting can start with the first rains

1. ACotton, cotton, maize, then cotton again on the same land in the fourth year
2. BMaize, groundnuts, cotton, then a grass ley grazed and ploughed back in
3. CMaize, maize, maize, then maize again, with fertiliser added each season
4. DGroundnuts, soya beans, sugar beans, then cowpeas on the same land again

1. AThey need the plough to be set at the same depth, which wears out the soil
2. BThey share the same pests and diseases, which then build up in the soil
3. CThey ripen at the same time of year, so the harvest labour cannot cope
4. DThey are sold to the same buyer, who will therefore offer a lower price

1. AIt can be spread on the growing crop without any risk of scorching leaves
2. BIt improves the soil's structure and its ability to hold water and nutrients
3. CIt supplies far more nitrogen per tonne than any bag fertiliser is able to supply
4. DIt works instantly, so the crop responds within a day of it being applied

1. AIt is bulky and low in nutrients, so a great deal must be carted and spread
2. BIt is far too concentrated, so a small error in the rate will burn the whole crop
3. CIt cannot be stored for longer than a week before it becomes entirely useless
4. DIt supplies only potassium, so nothing else that the crop needs is provided

1. ARotting makes the manure a great deal heavier, which makes it easier to spread evenly
2. BRotting turns the manure into a liquid that can be sprayed onto the growing crop
3. CRotting kills weed seeds and stops the fresh material robbing the crop of nitrogen
4. DRotting adds nitrogen to the heap, so the manure ends up richer than it started

1. AGrain can be put in wet, because a silo dries the crop after it is loaded
2. BGrain needs no inspection at all once the silo has been closed and sealed
3. CGrain is kept dry and out of reach of rodents, birds and storage insects
4. DGrain continues to ripen inside the silo and so gains weight during storage

1. AIt cannot ever be emptied again once the grain has been loaded into the top of it
2. BIt can be used only once, because the walls absorb moisture from the grain
3. CIt has to be moved to a new site every season to prevent insect build up
4. DIt costs a great deal to build, and the grain must be dry before it is loaded

1. APlough the field deeply so that the wind passes over the furrows
2. BPlant the crop in rows running the same way as the prevailing wind
3. CRemove all the trees round the field so the wind has nothing to hit
4. DPlant a windbreak of trees across the path of the prevailing wind

1. AGrow an early maturing variety, mulch the rows and conserve moisture in tillage
2. BPlant the crop as late as possible so that the dry spell has already passed by
3. CApply a heavy dressing of ammonium nitrate on the day the dry spell begins
4. DPlant the crop at double the normal population so that some plants will survive

1. AA damp earth floor, sealed walls with no openings, and birds packed closely
2. BAn open yard with no roof at all, so the birds get rain and sun every day
3. CA dark closed shed with no feeders inside, so the birds forage outside all day
4. DDry litter, ventilation without draughts, enough space, and rodent proofing

1. AWet, caked litter breeds coccidiosis and gives off ammonia that harms the birds
2. BDry litter can be sold on as poultry feed once the batch of birds has been sold
3. CStirring the litter makes the birds lay their eggs in one corner of the house
4. DDry litter reduces the amount of feed each bird eats over the growing period

1. AIt grinds the feed into small particles using strong muscular contractions
2. BIt ferments the fibre in the ration with the help of a large microbial population
3. CDigestion is completed there and the nutrients are absorbed into the blood
4. DIt stores the feed for several days before passing it back to the stomach

1. ACellulose is fermented by microbes into the volatile fatty acids the pig uses
2. BWater is absorbed from the material and the faeces are formed ready to pass
3. CThe feed is stored unchanged until the pig chews it a second time as cud
4. DAcid and pepsin begin the digestion of protein in the feed the pig has eaten

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. AA very short body with a deep chest and heavily muscled shoulders
2. BThe heaviest weight in the litter regardless of how the litter was reared
3. CA coat of a particular colour, since colour decides the size of the litter
4. DAt least twelve evenly spaced, well formed and functional teats

1. AA quiet female eats a great deal less feed than an excitable one of the same size
2. BA quiet female always produces more male offspring, which sell at a better price
3. CA quiet female needs no vaccination, since calm animals do not catch diseases
4. DA quiet female is safe to handle and mothers her young without savaging them

1. AWeak legs break down on a concrete floor and she is culled before her time
2. BStrong legs allow a sow to jump the pen wall and reach the feed store easily
3. CThe number of toes on a sow's foot determines the size of the litter she rears
4. DLeg length is the only reliable way of estimating a sow's age at selection

1. ATemporary immunity, because it always disappears within a few days
2. BActive immunity, because the animal's own body makes the antibodies
3. CPassive immunity, because the antibodies are supplied ready made to it
4. DInherited immunity, because it is carried in the genes from the parents

1. APermanent immunity, since an injection protects the animal for its life
2. BPassive immunity, since ready made antibodies were given to the animal
3. CActive immunity, since the animal produced the antibodies for itself
4. DInherited immunity, since it came from the animal's own parent stock

1. ATreat the animals privately and report the case at the end of the season
2. BReport it at once to the veterinary officer or the police without waiting
3. CSell the affected animals quickly, before the disease can spread any further
4. DMove the herd to another farm and say nothing until the animals recover

1. ATo set the price at which the affected farmer may sell the surviving stock
2. BTo close the schools and the business centres nearest to the affected farm
3. CTo quarantine the area and control the movement of animals in and out
4. DTo take ownership of every animal in the district for the following year

1. ATick borne diseases spread between neighbouring herds if one owner stops
2. BDipping fattens the cattle so that the district earns more from its sales
3. CDipping is the only method by which cattle can be counted and registered
4. DDip wash prevents the cattle from straying into the neighbouring fields

1. AIt supplies antibodies which the calf's gut can only absorb for about a day
2. BIt supplies all the iron the calf will need for the rest of its whole life
3. CIt is the only feed a calf is able to swallow during its first week of life
4. DIt makes the cow let down her milk more readily at every later milking

1. AA disbudded calf produces more milk in its first lactation than a horned one
2. BThe horns would otherwise fall off on their own and injure the calf as they go
3. CThe horn bud is small then, so the operation is quick and the setback is slight
4. DThe calf grows faster after disbudding because it uses much less feed on its horns

1. ASolid feed stops the calf from drinking milk and dries the cow off much sooner
2. BSolid feed makes the calf grow horns earlier so it can be disbudded on time
3. CSolid feed develops the rumen, so the calf can live on roughage at weaning
4. DSolid feed is cheaper than milk, so the farmer saves money in that fortnight

1. AAbout 33 degrees Celsius
2. BAbout 45 degrees Celsius
3. CAbout 18 degrees Celsius
4. DAbout 25 degrees Celsius

1. AThey are too hot, and the brooder should be raised or turned down at once
2. BThey are hungry, and the feed trays should be filled up immediately
3. CThey are ready to be moved out of the brooder area into the main house
4. DThey are too cold, and the brooder needs to be lowered or turned up

1. AWhole maize grain, so that their gizzards develop from their very first meal
2. BClean water, followed by broiler starter feed spread where they can find it
3. CA full ration of finisher pellets, so that they grow as quickly as possible
4. DNothing at all for the first day, so that the chicks settle down in the dark

1. AA tsetse fly breeding in the thicket along a river bank
2. BA dung beetle that rolls the droppings away from a pasture
3. CA water snail living in a vlei or at the edge of a dam
4. DA tick that attaches to the animal while it is out grazing

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. AFeed the herd extra salt, which kills the flukes living in the bile ducts
2. BFence off or drain the wet vleis so the herd cannot graze the snail habitat
3. CMove the herd onto the wet vleis so that the animals can build up a resistance
4. DDip the herd weekly, since the fluke is carried onto the animals by ticks

1. AFibre keeps the rumen working and the cud chewing that buffers it with saliva
2. BFibre is the ruminant's only source of protein for growth and for milk production
3. CFibre passes through unchanged and simply gives the animal a feeling of fullness
4. DFibre is needed to keep the animal's teeth worn down to the correct length

1. ARumen microbes ferment the cellulose into fatty acids that the animal absorbs
2. BThe animal's own stomach acid dissolves the cellulose down into simple sugars
3. CThe cellulose is broken down by the sunlight in the grass as it is chewed
4. DThe cellulose is stored in the hump and turned into fat during a dry season