Agriculture Paper 2 November 2017

1. Aprevent rain from ever falling on the cleared land that lies between them
2. Braise the temperature of the whole district during the coldest winter nights
3. Chold back all the water that would otherwise reach the rivers and the dams
4. Dsupply timber, fuelwood and fruit, protect the soil and shelter wildlife

1. Astop the rivers below the catchment from flowing at all during the wet season months
2. Bkeep the air above the catchment cool enough for cloud to form every morning
3. Cdraw the whole of the rainfall down into the rock, where it cannot be reached
4. Dslow the runoff and hold the soil, so streams run clear and dams do not silt up

1. Athe make of rifle carried by the ranger and the ammunition he is issued with
2. Bthe price at which trophies from the area were sold at the last auction held
3. Cthe supply of food and water, the habitat, predators, disease and poaching
4. Dthe number of vehicles that drive through the area during the tourist season

1. AFreehold, leasehold and communal, which are the ways land is held by people
2. BNatural Regions I to V, into which the country's farming land is divided up
3. CPloughing, planting and harvesting, which are done in that order every season
4. DArable cropping, livestock grazing, wildlife, forestry, mining and settlement

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1. Aammonification, in which the remains of dead plants and animals decay to ammonia
2. Bnitrogen fixation, carried out by bacteria in the root nodules of legumes
3. Cleaching, in which nitrate is washed down out of the reach of the crop roots
4. Ddenitrification, in which soil nitrate is broken down and the gas escapes upwards

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1. Adenitrification, in which bacteria in a waterlogged soil release nitrogen gas
2. Bammonification, in which decaying protein is broken down to release ammonia
3. Cfixation, in which nitrogen gas is combined into compounds inside the nodules
4. Dnitrification, which is the oxidation of ammonium compounds by soil bacteria

1. Athe addition of kraal manure and compost to the soil at the start of each season
2. Bthe growing of a legume crop, which draws the nitrogen out of the soil reserve
3. Climing, which raises the soil pH into the range that the nitrifying bacteria need
4. Dleaching, denitrification, removal in the harvested crop and burning of residues

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1. Acalcium, which is taken up in large amounts by the roots throughout the season
2. Biron, which is the element that gives the leaf its dark colour in a young plant
3. Cpotassium, which is needed for the plant to stand upright against a strong wind
4. Dnitrogen, which the plant moves out of the old leaves into the new growth

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1. Aa virus, which is carried from plant to plant by leafhoppers feeding on the crop
2. Ba fungus that grows in the leaf and produces spores along the veins of the plant
3. Ca shortage of magnesium in a sandy soil that has been cropped for many seasons
4. Da bacterium that enters through the roots and blocks the water conducting tissue

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1. Ahold the chlorophyll in which the light energy for photosynthesis is trapped
2. Banchor the leaf firmly to the stem and carry the weight of the blade in a strong wind
3. Clet carbon dioxide in and oxygen out, and let water vapour escape in transpiration
4. Dcarry the manufactured sugars from the leaf down the stem towards the roots

1. Acuticle, which is the waxy layer covering the outside of the leaf blade
2. Bair spaces, which lie between the rounded cells of the lower part of the leaf
3. Cveins, or vascular bundles, which run through the blade of the leaf
4. Dguard cells, which lie on either side of every pore on the lower surface

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1. Agrind the coarse fibre of the ration before any of the enzymes are able to act
2. Bcomplete digestion and absorb the digested food into the blood stream
3. Chold the micro-organisms that ferment the fibre of the ration into fatty acids
4. Dstore the undigested residue of the feed until the animal is ready to pass it out

1. Aa maintenance ration is bought in, while a production ration is always grown on the farm
2. Ba maintenance ration is fed to young animals, while a production ration is fed to old ones
3. Ca maintenance ration keeps the animal as it is, while a production ration adds output
4. Da maintenance ration is fed in the morning, while a production ration is fed at night

1. Athe palatability and quality of the feed, the animal's health and water supply
2. Bthe breed of the animal only, since every other factor makes no difference at all
3. Cthe number of workers employed on the farm and the hours that they work each day
4. Dthe colour of the trough and the direction the feeding pen happens to face

1. Araise growth rate, yield, fertility and disease tolerance, and so raise income
2. Bmake sure that every animal in the herd is exactly the same colour as the others
3. Cincrease the number of different breeds kept on the farm at any one time
4. Dreduce the amount of grazing land needed and so let more of it be ploughed up

1. Abreed true, so that the farmer can raise his own replacements from them each season
2. Bneed no vaccination, dipping or dosing for the whole of their productive lifetime
3. Ceat far less feed each day than either of the two parent breeds needed to eat
4. Dgrow faster and are more fertile than the average of the two parent breeds

1. Aswells along the whole of the underline and begins to drip milk from the teats
2. Bstands to be mounted, bellows, is restless and has a clear mucus discharge
3. Clies apart from the herd all day and refuses both feed and water completely
4. Druns a high fever, breathes rapidly and passes urine stained dark red in colour

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1. AHardcore for a base, gravel for the wearing surface, and pipes to carry water across
2. BOnly topsoil, which is graded up into a crown so that the water runs off the sides
3. COnly cement, which is poured over the whole width of the road in a single layer
4. DOnly thatching grass, which is laid across the road to keep the dust down in the dry

1. Astore water below the surface of the road for use later on in the dry season
2. Blet a stream or a drain pass under the road instead of washing across it
3. Cgive the vehicles somewhere firm to stop when two of them meet on the road
4. Dmark for the driver the exact point at which the farm boundary is crossed

1. Achecking the oil and coolant, cleaning the filters, greasing and checking belts
2. Btopping up the fuel tank with water whenever the level in it has dropped
3. Cleaving it standing under the open sky so that the rain washes the dust off the engine
4. Drunning it dry for a few minutes each day so that the seals are cleaned out

1. Aslow growing and leafy, so that the fence takes several seasons to close up
2. Bhardy and fast growing, with thorns or dense growth, and unpalatable to stock
3. Chighly palatable to cattle, so that the herd is drawn towards the boundary line
4. Dshallow rooted and soft stemmed, so that it can be pushed back into shape easily

1. Athe number of days in the month and the day of the week on which he starts
2. Bthe colour of the soil in the field and the shape into which that field has been fenced
3. Cthe market and prices, the resources he has, and the climate and soil of his farm
4. Donly what his neighbours have planted, since a shared crop is easier to market

1. Ainputs are used only in crop enterprises, while outputs come only from livestock
2. Binputs are the resources put into production, while outputs are what is produced
3. Cinputs are what is produced by the farm, while outputs are the resources used up
4. Dinputs are paid for in cash, while outputs are always paid for by a bank transfer

1. Aa risk is a small loss, while an uncertainty is a loss that ruins the whole business
2. Ba risk is caused by the weather, while an uncertainty is caused by the farmer himself
3. Ca risk can be given a probability and insured, while an uncertainty cannot be
4. Da risk affects crops only, while an uncertainty affects the livestock enterprises

1. Arecord what has already been spent so that the books balance at the end of the year
2. Bsatisfy the buyer, who will not accept produce from a farm that has no budget at all
3. Cplan what to grow, work out what it will cost and earn, and support a loan request
4. Dfix in advance the price that the market will pay him for the crop at harvest time

1. Amake the soil more acid, so that the fertilizer applied to the crop is wasted
2. Bshade the crop so heavily that photosynthesis is stopped for the whole season
3. Cadd nitrogen to the soil, which forces the crop into growth that it cannot support
4. Dreduce yield and quality, spread disease, and damage the crop in store

1. Alay their eggs in the soil, where the young feed on the crop roots for two seasons
2. Bcut the stem through at ground level so that the whole plant falls over
3. Cbore into the developing cob and eat the grain before it has hardened off
4. Dcarry virus diseases from an infected plant into the healthy crop as they feed

1. Areleasing a parasitic wasp into the crop when the pest is at its most numerous
2. Brotation, early and uniform planting, clean weeding and destroying crop residues
3. Cspraying a contact insecticide every seven days from emergence until harvest
4. Ddusting the seed with a systemic chemical before it is drilled into the prepared seedbed

1. Athe machine leaves less grain in the field than the most careful hand picking does
2. Bno capital is needed, since the machine costs less to run than a gang of workers
3. Cthe machine can be used on any crop at any stage without being reset at all
4. Da large area is harvested quickly, so the crop is taken at its proper moisture

1. Athe machine can work only during the night, when the crop has cooled right down
2. Bthe machine costs a great deal to buy, and it cracks or spills some of the grain
3. Cthe crop must be cut while it is still green and then dried in the field afterwards
4. Dthe harvested grain always has to be cleaned by hand before it can be delivered

1. Aflooding the field for several days so that the soil is soft enough to plant into
2. Bplanting into the stubble of the previous crop without any cultivation at all
3. Cploughing deeply, working down to a fine tilth and then making up the ridges
4. Dcompacting the surface with a heavy roller so that the tubers are held firmly

1. Amake the field easier to walk across when the crop is being sprayed by hand
2. Bhold water around the base of each plant right through the growing season
3. Craise the plants so that their leaves are held closer to the light of the sun above
4. Dgive loose soil for the tubers, drain well and keep them covered from the light

1. Aburying whole unsprouted tubers about half a metre deep between the ridges
2. Blaying the tubers on the surface of the ridge and covering them over with dry grass
3. Csetting sprouted, certified tubers in the ridge with the sprouts pointing upwards
4. Dsowing the true seed taken from the small green berries on the potato plant

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1. Ascattering all of the nitrogen over the leaves once the crop has flowered
2. Bplacing a compound basal in the ridge at planting and top dressing later
3. Cwatering the whole of the season's fertilizer in during the week before planting
4. Dapplying nothing at all, since the seed tuber carries the whole of the crop's needs

1. Areduce the amount of fertilizer needed, since the weeds return nutrients to the soil
2. Bimprove the grade of the harvested crop, but only where the weeds are cut early
3. Creduce yield and quality, and add the cost of labour and chemicals to control them
4. Draise the value of the land, because a weedy field shows the soil is very fertile

1. Aleave part of the land unplanted every season so that the weeds can be burned
2. Bbuy and apply herbicides, and pay for the labour and fuel used in weeding
3. Capply lime to the field every season in order to correct the acidity weeds cause
4. Dharvest the crop twice over, once for the weeds and once for the crop itself

1. Athe depot refuses to weigh a load that has come from a field carrying weeds
2. Bthe grain from a weedy field is heavier, and grain is bought by volume only
3. Cthe buyer must dry the grain for longer, and charges the farmer for the fuel used
4. Dweed seed and trash in the sample lower the grade the depot pays for

1. Aremoves the need for any further cultivation before the seed can be planted
2. Bleaves the surface of the field completely smooth and firm, ready for the drill
3. Ckills every weed seed lying in the soil, so that the field stays clean all season
4. Dopens the soil, buries residues and weeds, and breaks pans so roots can go down

1. Aprimary tillage is done every season, while secondary tillage is done once in five years
2. Bprimary tillage refines the seedbed, while secondary tillage is the first deep working
3. Cprimary tillage is the first deep working, while secondary tillage refines the tilth
4. Dprimary tillage is done with oxen, while secondary tillage is done with a tractor

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1. Adipping the herd weekly through the wet season to kill the tick that carries it
2. Bmoving the herd onto fresh grazing and leaving the sick animals where they lie
3. Cannual vaccination, reporting the outbreak, and burning or burying carcasses deeply
4. Ddosing every animal with a broad spectrum wormer at the start of each rainy season

1. Athe hide is worth more when it is removed after the carcass has been burnt
2. Bthe meat becomes unfit for sale as soon as the carcass has been opened up
3. Cthe blood exposed to air forms spores that survive in the soil for many years
4. Dthe disease can only be diagnosed if the carcass is left completely untouched

1. Auses far more chemical per animal, which makes the treatment much more thorough
2. Bneeds no chemical at all, since the force of the water alone removes the ticks
3. Cuses less wash, is safer for calves and pregnant cows, and is easier to keep clean
4. Dcan treat the whole herd at once, so that the animals never have to be driven anywhere

1. Awets the whole animal thoroughly and handles a very large herd quickly
2. Buses so little wash that the cost of the chemical can be ignored altogether
3. Ccan be moved from one dipping point to another as the herds are moved about
4. Drequires no maintenance of any kind once the tank has been filled with wash

1. Athe eggs are laid on the animal and hatch there, and the adults live in the soil
2. Bthe larva and nymph feed and moult on one animal, and the adult feeds on a second
3. Call three feeding stages of the tick complete their whole development on one animal
4. Deach of the three feeding stages of the tick feeds on a different animal in turn

1. Aa one host tick feeds only on cattle, while a three host tick feeds on any animal
2. Ba one host tick lays its eggs on the animal, while a three host tick lays them in the grass
3. Ca one host tick takes three seasons to develop, while a three host tick takes only one
4. Da one host tick completes all its feeding stages on one animal, a three host tick on three

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1. Adecides which breeds of cattle a farmer in each Natural Region is allowed to keep
2. Bcontrols disease by requiring dipping, reporting of outbreaks and movement permits
3. Cprovides free veterinary medicines to any farmer who applies for them each season
4. Dfixes the price that every farmer will be paid for cattle sold at a public auction

1. Ait is treated only by a qualified veterinary surgeon and never by the farmer
2. Bit has been recorded in the district at least once during the previous season
3. Cit can be cured, provided the animal is treated within a few hours of infection
4. Dany outbreak of it must be reported at once to the veterinary authorities

1. Aits growth rate, conformation, health, and the performance of its parents
2. Bthe number of animals already in the herd and the size of the grazing paddock
3. Cthe colour of its coat and the shape of its horns above everything else
4. Dthe price the animal would fetch if it were sold for slaughter this season

1. Ashow the milk yield, calving interval and growth of the animal and its ancestors
2. Bprove to a buyer that the animal has been dipped on every official dipping day
3. Care demanded by law before any animal may be moved from one district to another
4. Dgive the exact price that similar animals fetched at the last sale in the district

1. Aclearing its airways, dipping the navel, giving colostrum, then creep feeding it
2. Bleaving it entirely to the cow and handling it for the first time only at weaning
3. Cremoving it from the cow at birth and rearing it on water and green grass alone
4. Dfeeding it only on maize grain until it is heavy enough to be sold off the cow

1. Ahas stopped growing, so the feed given to it after that point would be wasted
2. Bis heavy enough to be loaded and sold straight off the cow at the local auction
3. Chas grown horns, which is the sign a stockman uses to judge when to wean
4. Dno longer needs the cow, and weaning lets her recover before the next calving

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1. Acarry a completely new combination of characters, so each plant is different
2. Btake much longer to reach the height at which the hedge can first be trimmed
3. Cproduce seed of their own in the first season, which can be sold to other growers
4. Dare all identical to the parent, so the hedge grows evenly and looks uniform

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1. Aa cutting carries whatever is in the parent, so disease is passed on to the hedge
2. Bhealthy wood is the only material a nursery is allowed by law to sell to a grower
3. Cwood that carries disease is heavier and will not fit into the rooting medium
4. Da diseased cutting is easier to root, but the plant then grows far too quickly

1. Aleaving it untrimmed so that the plants grow together and close the gaps on their own
2. Bspraying it with a non-selective herbicide whenever the growth becomes too thick
3. Ccutting it back to ground level once each season and letting it grow up again
4. Dtrimming it regularly, weeding, watering, feeding, and replacing any plants that die

1. Aa wide top would catch all of the rain and let none of it reach the roots underneath
2. Ba hedge with a wide base is much cheaper to trim than one with a wide top is
3. Clight then reaches the lower branches, so the hedge stays leafy right to the ground
4. Dthe plants at the bottom of a hedge grow faster than the ones higher up it do

1. Athe colour of the house, since the grass must match the paintwork around the lawn
2. Bthe number of people who are expected to look at the lawn during the course of the year
3. Cthe rainfall and temperature, the soil, the shade, and the wear the lawn will take
4. Dthe price of grass seed on the day the order happens to be placed with a supplier

1. Aspreads by runners, so bare patches close up again after they have been worn
2. Bneeds no mowing at all, which is why it is used wherever children play on it
3. Croots so shallowly that the whole lawn can be lifted and relaid in a single day
4. Dgrows so tall that the damaged part of the lawn is quickly hidden from view

1. Aa wheelbarrow and a shovel only, since these are all that a small lawn ever requires
2. Ba mouldboard plough, a disc harrow, a ridger and a seed drill for the whole lawn
3. Ca mower, edging shears, a rake, a garden fork and a sprinkler or hosepipe
4. Da knapsack sprayer alone, since every lawn operation is carried out with chemicals

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1. Amixing the fertilizer into the water in a bucket and pouring it onto the worn patches
2. Bspreading a light, even dressing over the whole lawn and then watering it in
3. Cplacing a handful at the base of each clump of grass across the whole lawn
4. Dspreading a heavy dressing once every three years and leaving it on the surface

1. Aflooding the bed regularly so that the weed seedlings are drowned out of it
2. Bhand weeding, shallow hoeing between the plants, and mulching the bed
3. Cspraying the whole bed with a non-selective herbicide once a month all season
4. Dleaving the bed unplanted for a season so that the weeds exhaust the soil first

1. Asmothers weed seedlings, conserves moisture and protects the soil surface
2. Braises the temperature of the bed to a point at which no weed can survive
3. Csupplies the whole of the nitrogen the flowers need for the entire season
4. Dkeeps the rain off the bed, so that the flowers are never splashed with soil

1. Aclean healthy planting material, wide spacing and good hygiene, with spraying as needed
2. Bremoving all the mulch from the bed, since it is the mulch that carries the disease
3. Cspraying a full rate insecticide every three days from planting right up until the flowers open
4. Dplanting the same flower in the same bed each year so that it becomes accustomed

1. Aleaving them lying in the sun until they have opened fully, then tying them up
2. Bgrading them for length and freshness, bunching them and packing them carefully
3. Ctrimming every stem to the same very short length so that the box can be filled
4. Dpacking them tightly into the box straight from the bed, with no sorting at all

1. Athe water washes off the pollen, which would otherwise stain the petals badly
2. Bair drawn into the cut stem blocks it, and the flower then wilts and cannot recover
3. Cthe flowers absorb enough water overnight to double the length of their stems
4. Dwet stems weigh more, and cut flowers are sold to the buyer by mass rather than count

1. Athe tendency of every species to grow larger in each generation that is born
2. Bthe ability to change body shape from one season to the next as conditions alter
3. Cthe long neck of a giraffe and the broad hoof of an animal living on soft ground
4. Dthe habit of moving to a new area whenever the grazing on the old one runs out

1. Araising their body temperature at midday so that they lose heat faster to the air
2. Bfeeding at night or in the cool hours and taking shade during the heat of the day
3. Cdrinking far more water each day than animals living in a cool, wet area do
4. Dgrowing a thick coat of hair, which keeps the heat of the sun off the skin all day

1. Abreak up the outline of the animal, so that a predator finds it harder to see
2. Bwarn a predator that the animal is dangerous and should not be approached at all
3. Creflect the heat of the sun so that the animal does not need to find any shade
4. Dattract other members of the same species from a very long distance away

1. Amoving to new grazing, living in herds, wallowing in mud and feeding at night
2. Bdeveloping a longer neck within the lifetime of one individual animal
3. Cgrowing thicker skin during a drought and shedding it again after the rains
4. Dchanging the shape of the teeth according to what food is available that season

1. Athe grazers drive the browsers away from the grass by fighting them off it
2. Bbrowsers eat grass as well, but only after the grazers have finished with it
3. Cthey feed on different plants and at different heights, so they do not compete
4. Dthe browsers feed only during the wet season and the grazers only during the dry

1. Athe age and condition of the animal, how it was killed and how it was handled
2. Bthe distance from the hunting area to the border post used for the export
3. Cthe number of tourists who happened to visit the hunting area during that month
4. Dthe make of the vehicle used to carry the products back from the field

1. Aa warm carcass lets bacteria multiply, so the meat spoils and is condemned
2. Bthe meat cannot be skinned at all until the carcass has been thoroughly chilled
3. Ccooling changes the colour of the meat to the shade that the buyer expects to see
4. Dcooling makes the carcass heavier, and game meat is always sold by mass

1. Aclearing the whole area of animals in one season and then restocking it again
2. Btrophy hunting under quota, cropping or culling, and live capture for sale
3. Cleaving the animals entirely alone, since no offtake of any kind is permitted
4. Dallowing local hunters to take whatever animals they find on any day of the year

1. Abecome tame at once and can then be handled in the same way as farm cattle
2. Bare easier to catch than to shoot, so no skilled staff are needed for the work
3. Ccan be released again at the same place once the buyer has finished with them
4. Dare sold alive to stock other areas, which earns more than the carcass would

1. Athe law requires that every animal taken be shot by an officer of the authority
2. Ban animal killed instantly is not stressed or bruised, so the meat is good
3. Ca single shot uses less ammunition, and ammunition is the main cost of cropping
4. Da wounded animal that runs is easier to follow than one that drops on the spot