Agriculture Paper 2 November 2016

1. Aextensive cattle ranching only, with no crop growing attempted anywhere on the farm
2. Bwildlife and forestry, because the rainfall is too low for any grazing animal
3. Cintensive cropping of maize, tobacco, soya beans and cotton, with dairy and beef
4. Dirrigated sugar cane and citrus, since the rainfall on its own grows nothing

1. Aplantation forestry of pine and wattle grown on the high, wet escarpment
2. Bsemi-extensive livestock, drought tolerant crops such as sorghum, and game
3. Cintensive dairying and flue cured tobacco grown under a long, reliable season
4. Dmarket gardening for the city, with three crops taken off the land each year

1. Aunder freehold the owner holds the title outright, while a lease runs for a term
2. Bunder freehold the land is owned by the chief on behalf of everyone in the whole ward
3. Cunder freehold no rates are paid, while a leaseholder pays rates every quarter
4. Dunder freehold the land is held for a fixed term, while leasehold has no limit

1. Atourism, safari hunting fees, the sale of meat and hides, and employment
2. Bthe shade the animals give to the grazing land they move across
3. Cthe manure the animals drop, which is collected and sold as fertilizer to crop farmers
4. Dthe way large herds trample bush so that the land can be ploughed

1. Aholds the humus, the nutrients and most of the roots and soil organisms
2. Blies deep enough to stay cool, so that seed there is never scorched
3. Cis the layer through which water passes without ever being held back
4. Dis the layer in which the parent rock is still breaking down into rough fragments

1. AThe number of cattle kept, the breed of cattle and the dipping interval
2. BThe crop grown, the fertilizer used and the depth of ploughing
3. CThe price of land, the size of the field and the type of fence
4. DParent rock, climate, living organisms, relief and length of time

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. Astops any weed seed in the soil from reaching the surface and growing
2. Braises the acidity of the soil so that nitrogen is released more quickly
3. Ckeeps the soil at one temperature throughout the day and the night
4. Dgives a balance of drainage, aeration and water holding for the roots

1. Abroad and thin, with many chloroplasts, veins and stomata for gas exchange
2. Bthick and rolled, with a waxy covering over the whole of both surfaces
3. Cheld below the stem, so that it is shaded from the strongest sunlight
4. Dnarrow and woody, with the veins carrying air to the cells rather than water and food

1. Agives plants identical to the parent, so a good variety is kept unchanged
2. Bgives plants that vary widely, so a new variety appears in every generation
3. Cgives seed that stores far longer than seed from any sexual cross would
4. Dgives plants that come into bearing much later than seedlings of the same crop

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. Asowing seed saved from the best cobs of last season's hybrid crop
2. Bgrafting a shoot of one maize variety onto the root system of a second variety
3. Ccrossing two inbred lines, using one as the female and one as the male
4. Dtreating ordinary maize seed with a chemical before it is sown out

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1. Astore the semen deposited by the bull until the cow next comes on heat
2. Bcarry urine away from the kidney and empty it into the bladder below
3. Chold the developing foetus and nourish it through the placenta until the day it is born
4. Dreceive the egg and carry it towards the uterus, and to be where fertilization occurs

1. AThe offspring need no dipping, because a crossbred animal carries no ticks
2. BThe offspring show hybrid vigour, grow faster and combine the strengths of both breeds
3. CThe offspring breed true, so the farmer can keep his own replacements from them each year
4. DThe offspring are identical to the dam, so the herd stays exactly as it was

1. Ais fireproof and vermin proof, but makes the building very hot at midday
2. Bsheds rain only when the roof is laid at a very shallow pitch of a few degrees
3. Cis costly to buy but lasts for many years without any further attention
4. Dkeeps the building cool and costs little, but burns easily and harbours pests

1. Aconduct heat away from the wire so that the fence stays cool all through the summer
2. Bare lighter to carry and can be driven in without any tool at all
3. Cbend easily under pressure, which stops the fence wire from snapping
4. Dresist termites and rot, and last far longer before they need replacing

1. Ashow which enterprise is paying, support a loan application and guide planning
2. Bremove the need to take stock or to count the animals at the end of each trading year
3. Cfix the price the farmer will be paid for his produce at the depot
4. Dprove to the neighbours how large the farm business has become

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. Athe amount of a product buyers are willing to buy at a given price
2. Bthe amount of a product producers are willing to sell at a given price
3. Cthe amount of a product a farmer holds in store waiting for a better price
4. Dthe total amount of a product that exists in the country at one time

1. Athe incomes of buyers, the price of eggs and the price of substitutes such as meat
2. Bthe breed of the layers, the size of the fowl run and the litter used in it
3. Cthe feed conversion ratio of the flock and the age at which the pullets came into lay
4. Dthe distance from the fowl run to the nearest tarred road and its condition

1. Aa short cold season with light rain, and cloud cover over the whole crop
2. Ba cool, wet season throughout, with frost at the time the bolls are opening
3. Ca long warm season with moderate rain early and dry weather at picking
4. Dheavy rain from planting right through to picking, and no dry period at all

1. Aa deep, well drained loam of moderate fertility and near neutral pH
2. Ba pure coarse sand, because the bolls stay clean when they touch it
3. Ca shallow soil over rock, so that the tap root is forced to spread sideways
4. Da waterlogged vlei soil, since cotton takes up a great deal of water

1. Aclearing the previous crop residues, ploughing early and working to a fine tilth
2. Bleaving the previous crop standing so that the new crop is planted in between the rows
3. Cploughing only after the first heavy rains, once the weeds are knee high
4. Dburning the field the day before planting so that the ash feeds the seedlings

1. Aspraying at the first sign of damage and again every seven days after that
2. Breleasing a natural enemy of the pest into the crop at the flowering stage
3. Ccrop rotation, early planting, destruction of crop residues and clean weeding
4. Dbreeding a variety whose sap is poisonous to the insect pest that feeds on the leaves

1. Athe pest is left without its host plant, so its numbers fall away
2. Bthe pests are poisoned by the roots of whichever crop follows them
3. Cthe change of crop confuses the pest so that it lays eggs out of season
4. Dthe pests are buried too deep by the plough to reach the surface again

1. Aplanting one seed to a station a metre apart, so that each plant has room to branch out
2. Bdibbling the seed 20 cm deep so that it can reach the moisture underneath
3. Cbroadcasting the seed onto ploughed land and leaving it uncovered
4. Ddrilling inoculated seed about 3 to 5 cm deep in rows, then firming the soil

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. Athe flowers have just opened and the first small pods can be seen
2. Bthe leaves are still dark green and the pods are full, soft and easily split open
3. Cthe leaves have fallen and the pods are dry and rattle when shaken
4. Dthe stems have begun to send out new shoots from the lower nodes

1. Aleaving the crop standing until the first rains of the next season have softened it
2. Bpicking the pods green over several weeks and drying them under cover
3. Ccombining or cutting the crop as soon as the pods are dry, to limit shattering
4. Dgrazing cattle over the field so that the pods are trodden out of the plant

1. Aleave the grain in the open so that the sun bleaches it to a lighter colour
2. Bwet the grain slightly so that it settles and more fits into each bag
3. Cmix the grain from all his fields so that the sample looks the same throughout
4. Dclean and grade the grain, dry it properly and bag it in sound clean bags

1. Athe price paid for the seed and the shop from which it was bought
2. Bthe age and viability of the seed, soil moisture, temperature and planting depth
3. Cthe number of workers available on the day the field is to be planted
4. Dthe direction in which the rows are laid out across the slope of the field being sown

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. Arelease a gas that closes the stomata on the leaves of the crop
2. Bcompete for water, nutrients and light, and host the crop's own pests
3. Ctake up so much of the rain that the field is left permanently dry
4. Dshade the soil so that it stays too cool for the roots of the crop to take up water

1. AStore the leftover mixture in a drink bottle so that it is not wasted
2. BSpray into the wind so that the operator can see where the drift is going
3. CMix a stronger solution than the label states so that fewer passes are needed
4. DWear protective clothing, follow the label rate and wash after spraying

1. Athe sprayer must be washed out within that many days of being used
2. Bthe container must be buried that many days after it has been emptied
3. Cthe crop must not be harvested until that many days after spraying
4. Dthe chemical must be mixed that many hours before it can be sprayed

1. Aneeds no dipping, dosing or vaccination for the whole of its life
2. Bbreeds true, so its own offspring show exactly the same qualities
3. Cshows hybrid vigour, growing faster and reaching market weight sooner
4. Deats far less than either of the two parent breeds ever needed to eat

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. Aare the only cattle that can be handled without a crush or a race
2. Bgrow faster than any exotic breed on the same amount of feed
3. Ccarry the tolerance to heat, ticks and poor grazing that exotics lack
4. Dgive twins at nearly every calving, so that the herd doubles within a single season

1. Amove cattle freely between districts as long as they were dipped in that same month
2. Bpresent all cattle for dipping at the stated intervals at the official dip tank
3. Cdip only those animals that are seen to be carrying ticks on the day
4. Ddip his cattle whenever he chooses, provided he keeps his own record

1. Aticks from one unattended herd reinfest every other herd sharing the grazing
2. Ba dipped animal grows more quickly than one that has not been dipped
3. Ca farmer who dips regularly will otherwise sell his cattle for a higher price
4. Dthe chemical is supplied free and would otherwise not be collected at all

1. Ablisters in the mouth and on the feet, with heavy drooling and lameness
2. Bred urine, pale membranes and jaundice, with the animal still eating
3. Chigh fever, circling, high stepping and convulsions before it goes down
4. Da swollen jaw and a slow, painless loss of condition over several months

1. Aa fungal disease picked up from mouldy hay fed during the dry season
2. Ba viral disease spread by biting flies from one animal to another
3. Ca deficiency disease caused by a shortage of copper in the grazing
4. Da rickettsial disease spread from beast to beast by the bont tick

1. Akeeping the animals off green grass during the whole of the wet season
2. Bvaccinating the herd once when the calves are three months of age
3. Cdosing the animals with a broad spectrum wormer every second month
4. Ddipping or spraying regularly to keep the bont tick off the animals

1. Amoving it to fresh grazing and leaving it to recover on its own
2. Bbleeding it from the tail vein to lower the pressure around the heart
3. Cgiving it a tetracycline antibiotic promptly, and nursing it quietly
4. Ddrenching it with a strong salt solution to flush out the organism

1. Asupply energy and warmth, cushion the organs and carry some vitamins
2. Bcarry oxygen from the lungs to the working muscles of the animal
3. Cbuild muscle tissue and repair the wounds left by injury and surgery
4. Dform the framework of the bones together with calcium and phosphorus

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. Ablisters on the tongue and between the claws, with severe lameness
2. Bfever, dark red urine, pale membranes, jaundice and loss of condition
3. Csudden death without warning, with no fever and no change in the urine
4. Dswelling of the throat and a discharge of froth from the mouth and nose

1. Adosing the whole herd with a roundworm remedy at the start of the rains
2. Bregular dipping to control the tick, and prompt treatment with a babesicide
3. Cvaccinating every animal in the herd against the tick that carries the parasite
4. Dkeeping the animals off water for two days once the fever is noticed

1. ABlackleg, which swells the muscle of the hind quarters and crackles
2. BAnthrax, which kills suddenly and leaves dark unclotted blood
3. CTheileriosis, or January disease, which swells the lymph nodes
4. DFoot and mouth disease, which blisters the mouth and the feet

1. Auses far less chemical for each animal treated than any other method of control does
2. Bwets the whole animal, including the ears and under the tail, very quickly
3. Ccan be moved from one grazing area to another as the herd is moved
4. Dneeds no chemical at all, because the water alone drowns the ticks

1. Agrow larger in a pot than the same plant would ever grow in open ground
2. Bcan be moved and arranged indoors, and are sold as a finished product
3. Cneed no watering once they have been established in the potting mixture
4. Dcan be grown only from seed, which makes them cheap to raise in numbers

1. Athe holes allow ants and other insects to leave the pot on their own
2. Bthe holes let light reach the lower roots so that they green up
3. Cexcess water must escape, or the roots stand in water and rot
4. Dthe holes let the roots grow out and anchor the pot to the bench

1. Aa low lying vlei position, so that the beds never have to be watered
2. Ba steep north facing slope, so that the beds drain within a few minutes of the rain
3. Cheavy shade all day, so that the seedlings never meet direct sunlight
4. Da reliable water supply, shelter from wind, good drainage and easy access

1. Araise the temperature under the net so that the seedlings grow taller more quickly
2. Bcut the strength of the sun and reduce drying, so seedlings are not scorched
3. Ckeep the seedlings in complete darkness until they have germinated
4. Dstop rain from ever reaching the seedbeds during the growing season

1. Akills any weed seed that may have been present in the field soil
2. Bweighs more, which stops the pots from being blown over by the wind
3. Ccontains no nutrients at all, so the grower controls exactly what is fed
4. Ddrains freely, holds moisture and stays open instead of setting hard

1. Aleaving them unwatered so that the roots are forced to search downwards
2. Btransplanting them straight from the seed tray into the open display bed at once
3. Cwatering lightly and often, pricking out into wider spacing and hardening off
4. Dflooding the bed once a week and leaving the seedlings crowded together

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. Asowing thinly, keeping the bed well drained and airy, and treating the soil
2. Bmoving the bed into deep shade so that the fungus is denied sunlight
3. Cwatering more heavily so that the fungus is washed out of the bed
4. Dsowing more thickly so that the healthy seedlings crowd out the sick ones as they grow

1. Acutting only fully open blooms and carrying them dry to the market
2. Bcutting at midday and leaving the bunches in the sun to open faster
3. Ccutting the stems short and packing them tightly in a box with no water at all
4. Dcutting at the bud stage, standing the stems in clean water, then grading

1. Athe plants are full of water and cool, so the cut stems wilt least
2. Bthe flowers are fully open and so weigh more on the scale
3. Cthe light is poor, so any blemish on the petals cannot be seen by the buyer
4. Dinsects are least active, so no pesticide has to be applied

1. Adigging a single deep trench and heaping all the soil along one edge of it
2. Bclearing and digging it over, working in compost, then levelling to a fine tilth
3. Cspraying the standing weeds and planting into the dead growth without digging at all
4. Dcompacting the surface with a roller so that the young roots are held firmly

1. Aimproves the structure, holds moisture and releases nutrients slowly
2. Bmakes the bed strongly acid, which suits every flower that is grown
3. Cseals the surface so that water cannot be lost by evaporation at all
4. Draises the temperature of the bed enough to kill soil borne insects

1. Athe bed can be walked on freely without the soil ever being compacted at all
2. Bthe plants are held closer to the sun and so grow more quickly
3. Cthe bed is warmer at night than the ground on either side of it
4. Dsurplus water drains away and the crowns of the plants do not sit wet

1. Athe distance the flowers travelled and the make of the vehicle used
2. Bthe fertilizer the grower used and the name of the nursery that raised it
3. Cthe freshness, colour, scent and stem length, the price and the occasion
4. Dthe soil type of the field, the spacing used and the date it was planted

1. Athe number of flowers a single plant produces during its whole life
2. Bthe number of days the plant takes to flower after it is planted out
3. Cthe length of the stem left on the flower when it is graded for sale
4. Dthe number of days the flower stays fresh after it has been cut

1. Achanges its body during its own lifetime to match whatever it meets
2. Bis able to live in any environment on earth without altering at all
3. Chas moved into a new area and has driven out the animals that were already there
4. Dhas features that let it survive and breed in the conditions it lives in

1. Arun faster than any predator that hunts on the open grassland
2. Bbrowse leaves high in the trees, out of reach of other herbivores
3. Cswim across the flooded rivers of the valley during the wet season
4. Ddig for water in a dry river bed during the worst of the dry season

1. Athe price that trophies fetched on the international market last season
2. Bthe population size, its breeding rate, the carrying capacity and past offtake
3. Cthe number of hunters who applied for permits and the fee each of them offered to pay
4. Dthe number of vehicles the operator owns and the size of his camp

1. Araise the number of animals until the veld can no longer feed them
2. Bmake sure every hunter who visits the area takes home a trophy
3. Ckeep the offtake within what the population can replace each year
4. Dshare the animals equally between every landholder in the district

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. Araise the price of the animals by moving them nearer to a tarred road
2. Brelieve overstocking, restock an area, and remove problem animals safely
3. Cshorten the breeding season so that the calves are all born together
4. Dmake the animals easier to hunt by moving them onto flatter and more open ground

1. Astarved for a week so that it is weak enough to be handled by hand
2. Bheld in a pit until it is calm enough to walk into the crate on its own
3. Cdriven on foot for several days towards the boundary of the new area
4. Dimmobilized with a drug fired from a dart, then loaded and revived

1. Athe animals will breed too quickly as soon as they reach the new area
2. Bthe new area will always hold more animals than the old one did
3. Cstress, injury and capture myopathy may kill animals during the move
4. Dthe drug used will change the colour of the animal's coat permanently

1. Asales to tanneries and curio makers, licensed auctions and export contracts
2. Bthe local grain depot, which grades and buys hides in the same way as maize
3. Cdirect sale of any product to any buyer, with no permit needed at any stage
4. Dbarter with neighbouring farmers, which is the only channel allowed by law

1. Athe processed hide keeps without spoiling and fetches a higher price
2. Ba tanned hide weighs more, and hides are always bought by mass
3. Ca raw hide may not lawfully be sold to any buyer inside the country at all
4. Dtanning removes the need for any permit to move the hide at all

1. Afeeding alone at night on fruit and roots dug out of the river bank
2. Bmoving in herds and cropping coarse grass, often ahead of other grazers
3. Cbrowsing the leaves of trees and shrubs and taking no grass at all
4. Dgrazing only the short green regrowth that appears on burnt ground in the dry

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. Athe number of workers the operator is able to hire at short notice
2. Bthe population size and structure, the carrying capacity and the season
3. Cthe number of tourists who visited the area during the previous hunting month
4. Dthe price of beef at the abattoir in the nearest town on the day

1. Athe meat of an old male animal is more tender than that of a female
2. Bremoving them barely affects breeding, since the herd is limited by females
3. Cold males are the only animals that can be approached during the day
4. Dfemales carry all the disease of the herd, while old males carry none of it at all

1. Aallows the whole quota to be taken in a single day with far less labour
2. Bremoves the need to count the animals in the area before the season opens
3. Ckeeps the herd's age and sex balance, so the population keeps replacing itself
4. Dproduces carcasses of exactly the same mass, which greatly simplifies the paperwork