Agriculture Paper 2 November 2018

1. ACotton, irrigated wheat and dryland groundnuts for export
2. BExtensive beef ranching on veld with a little drought sorghum
3. CIrrigated sugar cane, citrus estates and winter wheat blocks
4. DTea, coffee, macadamia nuts and plantation forestry

1. Areceives rain that is low, erratic and unreliable for a rain grown crop
2. Bhas soils that are far too heavy for a plough to work in the dry season
3. Cis too cold at night for a maize crop to set grain before the frost
4. Dhas land held under state title that may not be cropped at all

1. AFirewood becomes cheap, so farmers stop planting woodlots of their own
2. BBare ground sheds rain quickly, so soil is washed away and streams silt up
3. CTrees left standing draw water away from the field crops planted next to them
4. DThe remaining stumps make ploughing difficult on the cleared land itself

1. ADistribution is the total rain a place gets in a year, intensity is the number of rain days in that year
2. BDistribution is the depth of rain caught in a gauge, intensity is the height of the gauge above ground
3. CDistribution is how the rain is spread through the season, intensity is how hard it falls in a given time
4. DDistribution is how hard the rain falls during a storm, intensity is how the rain is spread over the season

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1. AX is the topsoil and Y is the subsoil
2. BX is the topsoil and Y is the bedrock
3. CX is the bedrock and Y is the topsoil
4. DX is the subsoil and Y is the parent rock

1. AFrost and dew, which wet the surface soil and cool it each night
2. BEarthworms and termites, which mix the surface soil as they feed
3. CSunlight and shade, which change the colour of the surface soil
4. DRunning water and wind, which strip the loose surface soil away

1. Afine sand and clay
2. Bgravel and fine sand
3. Csilt and coarse sand
4. Dcoarse sand and silt

1. AFree water, saturated water and the water inside plant roots
2. BGravitational water, capillary water and hygroscopic water
3. CRain water, borehole water and river water held in the soil
4. DSurface water, ground water and the water vapour in the air

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1. ARemoving the weeds and crop residues to leave the surface clean
2. BApplying a top dressing of ammonium nitrate along the crop rows
3. CSpreading a layer of grass mulch over the soil between the rows
4. DPloughing the land a second time to break the surface into dust

1. ATake all the sub samples from under the biggest tree in the field
2. BTake several sub samples along a zig zag path across the whole field
3. CTake one large sample from the corner nearest the farm road for ease
4. DTake all the sub samples from the part of the field that crops worst

1. Apick out the largest lumps and send only the fine soil that is left
2. Bmix them well, quarter the heap and keep about half a kilogram
3. Cdry them in the sun for a week and then burn off the plant material
4. Dadd a little fertiliser so the laboratory can test how the soil reacts

1. ADigging contour ridges, planting a windbreak and mulching the whole seedbed
2. BOvergrazing the veld, stream bank cultivation and cutting trees for sale
3. CRotating crops, ploughing along the contour and spreading kraal manure
4. DFencing paddocks, resting the veld in turn and planting a grass ley

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1. ASemen in the ovary, fertilisation in the uterus body
2. BSemen in the udder, fertilisation in the cervix canal
3. CSemen in the vagina, fertilisation in the oviduct
4. DSemen in the oviduct, fertilisation in the vagina

1. AProteins are stored in the liver and released as heat during cold weather
2. BCalcium is broken down in the rumen to supply the animal with its energy
3. CCarbohydrates build the muscle tissue that a growing animal lays down
4. DCarbohydrates are the animal's main source of energy for work and heat

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1. AThe colour of the feed trough, the name of the breed and the age of the farmer
2. BThe distance to the nearest market, the price of the feed and the season of sale
3. CThe height of the fence, the number of animals sold and the size of the paddock
4. DThe palatability of the feed, the size of the animal and its stage of production

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1. AThey brace the pair of posts so the strained fence wires cannot pull them over
2. BThey carry the current from an energiser box along the whole length of the fence
3. CThey mark the boundary line so that the fence can be seen from a long way off
4. DThey hold the barbed strands apart so that livestock cannot push between them

1. AWindbreak of gum trees, shade net and a row of planted sisal
2. BCattle crush, dip tank race and a loading ramp beside the road
3. CBarbed wire fence, wire netting fence and electric fence
4. DContour ridge, storm drain and grassed waterway across a field

1. AFinding the difference in height between points, so the gradient can be set
2. BMeasuring the width of the road so that two lorries can pass each other
3. CTesting how firm the ground is before the road surface is rolled and compacted
4. DDriving the wooden pegs into the ground along the centre line of the road

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1. AMaize, cattle, tobacco and market garden
2. BRainfall, sunshine, temperature and wind
3. CLand, labour, capital and management
4. DSeed, fertiliser, chemicals and fuel oil

1. APerishability of the produce, distance to the market and its grade
2. BThe colour of the farm gate and the year of birth of the farm owner
3. CThe number of workers born on the farm and the size of the kraal
4. DThe depth of the plough furrow and the make of the farm tractor

1. Aonly members who have farmed for over ten years are allowed to vote at all
2. Beach member has one vote, whatever number of shares that member holds
3. Cthe member who holds the most shares makes the decisions for the group
4. Dthe government appoints the committee that runs the cooperative's affairs

1. AAccording to how much land each of the members holds under title
2. BAccording to how much business each member did with the society
3. CAccording to how long each member has lived in the district itself
4. DEqually among every household living within the society's own area

1. AThe pods are still soft and white inside, and the kernels are watery
2. BThe leaves yellow and drop, and the shell is dark and veined inside
3. CThe leaves are still dark green and the plants are flowering strongly
4. DThe stems have begun to lodge and the field has been weeded twice

1. AThe pods have turned brown and the seed rattles when the plant is shaken
2. BThe first flowers have only just opened along the middle of the main stem
3. CThe lowest leaves have been eaten by insects and show ragged holes
4. DThe crop has grown taller than the ridges that were made at planting

1. ALift the plants with a fork while the soil is still moist, then windrow them
2. BSlash the plants at ground level and leave the pods buried until winter
3. CBurn the leaves off first so that the pods can be picked out of the ash afterwards
4. DWait until the soil is bone dry, then pull each plant hard by the stem

1. AThe plants begin to take up water from the crop planted next
2. BThe dry pods split open and shed their seed onto the ground
3. CThe seed keeps growing and becomes too large for the market
4. DThe roots stop fixing nitrogen once the pods have turned brown

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1. AThe seed coats lose their colour and the crop is downgraded on sale
2. BThe kernels germinate in the bag and grow into seedlings in the dark
3. CMoulds grow on the kernels and produce aflatoxin, which is poisonous
4. DThe kernels swell and burst the bags they have been packed into

1. AStore the bags directly against the wall where the room is coolest
2. BDust the grain with a registered storage protectant and reseal the bags
3. CSpread the beans out in the sun each morning and return them again at midday
4. DAdd fresh undried beans to the bags so the beetles have new feed

1. ALaid flat on the bare floor so that the stack cannot topple
2. BPiled next to the fertiliser so that both are locked up together
3. CStacked on pallets clear of the floor and away from the walls
4. DStacked tight against the wall so that more bags will fit in

1. A10 to 15 cm
2. B20 to 25 cm
3. C40 to 45 cm
4. D5 to 10 cm

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1. A90 000 plants
2. B22 000 plants
3. C37 000 plants
4. D44 000 plants

1. AOnly in the dry season before the land has even been ploughed at all
2. BAt about knee height, four to six weeks after the crop has emerged
3. CInto the planting furrow together with the seed on the planting day
4. DAfter the cobs have dried down and the crop is ready for harvesting

1. AWeeds are easier to see once the crop has closed over the rows completely
2. BThe soil is at its driest then, so a hoe cuts through the weeds cleanly
3. CWeeding later would damage the maize roots that have not yet grown at all
4. DWeeds compete hardest with the young crop for water, light and nutrients

1. AIrrigate the field heavily so that the caterpillars are washed away
2. BApply a granular insecticide into the funnel of each affected plant
3. CApply lime to the soil around the base of each of the affected plants
4. DIncrease the top dressing so the plants grow through the damage fast

1. AA virus spread by leafhoppers, managed by planting a resistant variety
2. BA shortage of nitrogen in the soil, managed by a much heavier top dressing
3. CA fungus in the seed, managed by soaking the seed in water overnight
4. DDamage by hail earlier in the season, managed by replanting the field

1. AOnly after the crop has already been harvested and put into store
2. BOnly when scouting shows the pest has reached the economic threshold
3. COn a fixed calendar date every fortnight right through the season
4. DAs soon as the very first individual of any pest is seen in the field

1. ANatural enemies fix nitrogen in the soil and reduce the fertiliser bill
2. BLadybirds and wasps pollinate the maize crop and raise the grain yield
3. CLadybirds, wasps and spiders keep pest numbers down without any cost
4. DNatural enemies feed on the crop residues and speed up decomposition

1. Aa pest that becomes larger in body size but stays easy to control
2. Ba soil that will no longer grow the crop the chemical was used on
3. Ca chemical that loses its colour but keeps its full killing power
4. Da resistant pest population that the chemical no longer controls

1. Aless chemical residue is left on the produce that reaches the buyer
2. Bthe vegetables grow larger leaves and therefore weigh a great deal more
3. Cthe soil under the crop becomes darker and holds much more of its water
4. Dthe crop ripens several weeks earlier than it otherwise would have done

1. AA short sleeved shirt, shorts and open sandals because of the heat
2. BA raincoat only, since the spray is water based and will wash off
3. COrdinary work clothes, with a cloth tied loosely over the nose only
4. DOveralls, gumboots, gloves, goggles and a respirator over the mouth

1. ADuring heavy rain, so that the chemical is washed into the soil fast
2. BOn a windy afternoon, walking across the wind with the nozzle held up high
3. CIn the cool of the morning, with the wind blowing away from the operator
4. DAt midday in the full heat, walking straight into a strong headwind

1. AIn the kitchen store next to the maize meal so they are easy to find
2. BIn an open shed beside the cattle pens where the workers can reach
3. CIn the farmhouse bedroom cupboard where the children cannot climb
4. DIn a locked, ventilated store used for nothing else, away from food

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1. AIt stores the used dip wash until it can be pumped away from the tank
2. BIt lets the wash running off the cattle drain back into the dip tank
3. CIt gives the animals a firm place to stand while they are being counted
4. DIt holds clean water in which the cattle rinse before they leave the dip

1. ASo the animal is completely immersed and every tick on it is wetted
2. BSo that the animal can drink the dip wash while it swims across it
3. CSo that the mud carried in on the hooves settles out at the bottom
4. DSo that the tank can hold enough wash to last a whole dipping season

1. AIt stops birds from drinking at the tank and carrying ticks between herds
2. BIt allows the dip to be used at night when the tick numbers are highest
3. CIt keeps rain out, so the wash is not diluted below its right strength
4. DIt keeps the cattle cool so that they walk through the race more calmly

1. ASo the animals move in single file and cannot turn back or climb out
2. BSo the animals can graze along the way and enter the tank more calmly
3. CSo the herdsman can ride a bicycle alongside and count the herd easily
4. DSo the rain water can be collected off the walls and stored for later

1. AIt treats the animals only on the back, which is where all ticks feed
2. BIt works without power, since the animals push the pump as they pass
3. CIt uses much less wash and needs no large tank to be filled and kept
4. DIt kills ticks without any chemical being needed in the water at all

1. AOn firm, well drained ground near a reliable water supply and a road
2. BIn the bottom of a vlei where water collects and the ground stays wet
3. CImmediately on the bank of a river that supplies the village with water
4. DOn a steep rocky hillside far from the paddocks the cattle graze on

1. ASo no herd has to be walked so far that the animals lose condition
2. BSo that the tank can be filled from several boreholes at the same time
3. CSo the dip wash can be mixed by many people at once on dipping day
4. DSo that the veterinary officer can reach it without using any vehicle

1. ASuckling early makes the sow's udder produce more milk in later litters
2. BSuckling early teaches the piglet to find the creep area for its feed
3. CColostrum carries antibodies that the piglet can only absorb early on
4. DColostrum contains the iron the piglet needs for the whole of its life

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1. AThe sow crushing her piglets against the wall as she lies down
2. BThe piglets escaping under the door and out into the passageway
3. CThe sow reaching the feed trough before the piglets have suckled
4. DThe piglets soiling the bedding at the front end of the farrowing pen

1. AIt is cut short and dipped in iodine to keep infection out
2. BIt is tied to the pen rail so the young animal cannot wander
3. CIt is left long and untouched so that it dries in its own time
4. DIt is washed in warm soapy water and then bandaged for a week

1. AThey stop the piglet from taking the creep feed offered to it
2. BThey grow so fast that the piglet cannot close its mouth later
3. CThey carry the organisms that cause scouring in young piglets
4. DThey cut the sow's udder and the faces of the other piglets

1. ASo the piglets can be counted each morning without anyone opening the pen
2. BSo the sow can be fed her own ration inside it away from the litter
3. CSo the bedding stays inside the pen when the floor is being washed
4. DSo the piglets can feed and lie warm without the sow taking their feed

1. AIt replaces the iron injection given in the first days of life
2. BIt makes the piglets heavier so they can be sold at birth weight
3. CThe sow's milk alone stops meeting their needs as they grow
4. DIt stops the piglets from suckling and dries the sow off early

1. A16 to 20 weeks
2. B1 to 2 weeks
3. C3 to 4 weeks
4. D6 to 8 weeks

1. AA completely sealed building with no openings at all, so that no cold air gets in
2. BLarge gaps at floor level so that air moves fast across the bedding
3. COne small window on the wall that faces the prevailing cold wind
4. DOpenings high in the walls that change the air without blowing on the calves

1. ASmooth polished concrete laid dead level across the whole pen
2. BLoose river sand, renewed each time the pen has been cleaned out
3. CConcrete, laid with a slight slope so urine drains to a channel
4. DBare earth, so that the urine soaks straight away into the ground

1. AThe building regulations set the price the calves may be sold for
2. BCalves need room to run at speed in order to develop their bones
3. CCrowded calves fight, spread disease and grow more slowly
4. DA larger pen looks better to a buyer coming to view the calves

1. ADownwind of the pig sty and next to the silage pit for its warmth
2. BFar out on the grazing so that the calves are away from all the noise
3. COn high, well drained ground within easy reach of the milking parlour
4. DIn the lowest corner of the farm where rain water collects after storms

1. ACows are not put to a bull, so venereal infections are not passed on
2. BThe semen used carries antibiotics that treat the cow as she is served
3. CThe technician vaccinates every cow against tick borne disease as well
4. DCows served artificially are kept indoors, away from the tick population

1. AThe calves born are always twins, so the herd grows twice as quickly
2. BThe cows come on heat more often once they have been inseminated
3. CSemen changes the cow's own genes so she milks better in that lactation
4. DOne proven bull can serve thousands of cows in many different herds

1. AThe cost of feeding, housing and handling a dangerous animal all year
2. BThe cost of the milking parlour, which is no longer needed on the farm
3. CThe cost of dipping the herd, since inseminated cows carry fewer ticks
4. DThe cost of the calf pens, because fewer calves are born on the farm

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