Agriculture Paper 2 November 1998

1. Asupplying timber, fuel and pulp, and earning foreign currency
2. Busing up the land that would otherwise have carried a crop
3. Ckeeping the wild animals away from the growing crops nearby
4. Draising the water table until the boreholes on the farm run dry

1. Aa hard layer below the worked soil, formed by ploughing to one depth
2. Ba crust on the surface, formed by raindrops beating on bare soil
3. Ca layer of gravel left behind when the topsoil has eroded away
4. Da band of clay laid down when the parent rock was weathered

1. Aholds more water and more plant nutrients
2. Bhas large particles that are only loosely packed together
3. Cwarms up quickly in spring and is easy to work with a hoe
4. Ddrains freely and loses most of its nutrients by leaching

1. Aploughing along the slope rather than across it, and overstocking the land
2. Bplanting a cover crop and leaving the crop residues lying on the surface of the land
3. Cbuilding contour ridges across the slope of the arable land
4. Drotating the crops grown on the land from one season to the next

1. Athe plants raised carry a much deeper root system than seedlings
2. Bthe cuttings can be stored for several years before being planted
3. Cthe plants raised are identical to the parent and mature sooner
4. Da cutting needs neither water nor shade while it is rooting

1. Athe grass grows so tall that the larvae are out of the animals' reach
2. Bthe animals are dosed each time they are moved to a new paddock
3. Cthe paddock that is resting is grazed by a different kind of animal
4. Dresting a paddock breaks the life cycle of the parasite

1. Athe animals are able to select only the plants that they like best
2. Bthe paddocks are all burnt off before the animals are turned in
3. Ceach paddock is rested, so the grass recovers and rebuilds root reserves
4. Dthe whole herd grazes over the whole of the area at the same time

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. Acarries manufactured food from the leaf to the rest of the plant
2. Bcarries water and mineral salts from the roots up to the leaf
3. Callows gases to pass in and out of the leaf through its pores
4. Dholds the chloroplasts in which the sugar is manufactured

1. Aallow gaseous exchange and the loss of water as vapour
2. Bhold water inside the leaf so that it does not wilt in the heat
3. Canchor the leaf firmly to the stem of the growing plant
4. Dstore the starch that is made in the leaf during the day

1. Acultivating the land as often as possible throughout the season
2. Bburning the crop residues on the land at the end of the season
3. Cremoving the topsoil and replacing it with washed river sand
4. Dapplying manure, green manuring and ploughing in crop residues

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. Athe two together need no fencing and no rotational grazing on the farm at all
2. Bthe legumes shade the grass and so keep the soil beneath it cool
3. Cthe grass protects the legumes from being eaten by the stock
4. Dthe legumes fix nitrogen and add protein, and the grass gives energy

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. Athe mass of grass that the veld will produce in a whole season
2. Bthe greatest number of animals it can graze without being damaged
3. Cthe number of animals the farmer intends to put onto the veld
4. Dthe number of animals that can be housed in the kraal at night

1. Abuilding a dam or a weir, or sinking a borehole
2. Bspraying the crop with a fine mist early in the morning
3. Cmulching the land between the rows of the growing crop
4. Dploughing along the contour of the sloping arable land

1. Ajust through the ground, before the first true leaves have opened
2. Bdead and dry, so that it can be worked into the soil more easily
3. Cfully ripe, with the seed set and the stems already gone woody
4. Dleafy and succulent, at about 10 to 15 percent flowering

1. Athe nutrients in the soil are all taken up by the standing water
2. Bthe soil is cold and airless, so the seed cannot respire
3. Cthe seed is washed down too deep for the shoot to reach the light
4. Dthe seed takes up so much water that its seed coat splits open

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. Acarries the calf out of the uterus at the time of birth
2. Bproduces the eggs that are shed at each heat period
3. Creceives the egg shed by the ovary and passes it into the oviduct
4. Dcloses the uterus off from the vagina during the pregnancy

1. Afertilisation takes place, and the egg travels to the uterus
2. Bthe calf develops until it is ready to be born
3. Cthe eggs are formed before they are released
4. Dthe cervix opens to allow the calf to pass out

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. Awater is no longer able to travel up the trunk to reach the leaves
2. Bmanufactured food can no longer reach the roots, so they starve
3. Cthe tree loses so much sap through the wound that it dries out
4. Dthe roots are cut through where they leave the base of the trunk

1. Athe fertiliser blocks the stomata of the leaf, so transpiration cannot take place
2. Bthe nitrogen is taken up so fast that the xylem vessels are blocked
3. Cthe soil solution becomes stronger than the sap, so water leaves the roots
4. Dthe extra nitrogen makes the plant grow leaves faster than roots

1. Aallow the flowers still on the plant to set a few more pods
2. Blet the shells soften so that shelling by hand is easier
3. Cgive the crop the time it needs to be graded before threshing
4. Dlet the pods dry down so that they store without going mouldy

1. Ain the pods, in a dry place, at a moisture content below 9 percent
2. Bin the pods, in a damp pit, so that the kernels do not shrivel up
3. Cshelled and washed, in bags stacked on the floor of the shed
4. Dshelled, in an open bin, at a moisture content above 15 percent

1. Aon a seedbed, to kill the weeds without harming the seedlings
2. Bon paths and yards, where everything growing is to be killed
3. Con a legume crop, to kill the grasses growing between the rows
4. Don a growing maize crop, to kill the broad leaved weeds in it

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. Athe crop is never damaged at all by the implement being used
2. Bperennial weeds are completely destroyed by a single pass
3. Cit can be used on wet ground where hand weeding cannot
4. Dit is faster than hand weeding and it loosens and aerates the soil

1. Athe weeds that it cuts down are never able to grow again
2. Bit can only be used on land that has never been ploughed before
3. Cthe implement damages the crop and breaks down soil structure
4. Dit costs the farmer far more than any chemical weed control would

1. Aremoves the need to plant the crop at the correct spacing
2. Bkills the weeds faster than a herbicide does over a large area
3. Cuses the way the crop is grown rather than bought chemicals
4. Dneeds a tractor and a full set of implements to carry it out

1. Afoliar spraying
2. Bbanding
3. Cbroadcasting
4. Dfertigation

1. Ahail falling on the crop as it comes into flower
2. Baphids feeding on the growing points of the young plants
3. Cstalk borer tunnelling into the stems of the maize crop
4. Dleaf rust spreading across the leaves of the standing crop

1. Alocks the nitrogen up so that the leaves of the crop turn yellow
2. Braises the temperature of the soil until the crop roots are killed
3. Cprevents infiltration and aeration and the emergence of seedlings
4. Dwashes the seed out of the ground before it is able to germinate

1. Araising the soil temperature so far that the roots are scorched
2. Bdriving the air out of the soil, so the roots cannot respire
3. Cwashing the crop residues off the surface of the land
4. Ddrying the roots out so that the plant is unable to take up water

1. Awashing the nitrogen out of the soil around the plant roots
2. Bkilling the plant tissue, so growth is checked or the plant dies
3. Cburning the leaves with the strong sunlight that follows it
4. Dencouraging fungal spores to germinate on the wet leaves

1. Afish meal, blood meal, and meat and bone meal
2. Bcereal grains, molasses, hay and silage
3. Ccotton seed cake and groundnut cake
4. Dmineral licks and bone meal fed free choice

1. Amaize meal, molasses and maize stover from the field
2. Bgreen grass, hay and cereal straw fed in the pen
3. Csoya beans, groundnut cake and fish meal
4. Dsalt licks, bone meal and clean drinking water

1. Athe repair of worn out muscle and of other body tissue
2. Bthe formation of the antibodies that fight off disease
3. Cenergy production, warmth and the laying down of fat
4. Dthe production of enzymes and of the digestive juices

1. Avaccination, hygiene, isolation of sick stock and control of vectors
2. Bincreasing the number of animals kept in each of the pens
3. Cmixing newly bought animals into the herd on their arrival
4. Dfeeding the sick animals apart from the herd but grazing them all together

1. Awork out the depth at which the pasture seed was sown
2. Bfix the price that the dairy is going to pay for the milk
3. Cdecide which cows to cull and which ones to breed from
4. Dtell how much rain fell over the grazing during the season

1. Aavoid having to keep any financial records at all
2. Bincrease the number of calves born from one service
3. Csell the animal before the calf has actually been born
4. Dprepare for the birth and plan the feeding beforehand

1. AFlaying, salting, fleshing, washing and then grading
2. BShearing, cleaning, drying, weighing, grading and then packing
3. CSieving, cooling, testing, pasteurising and then packing
4. DSlaughter, bleeding, flaying, inspection, grading and chilling

1. Asieving, cooling, testing and then packing it into cartons
2. Bslaughtering, bleeding, flaying and then chilling the carcass
3. Csalting, fleshing, washing and then grading the skins
4. Dshearing, cleaning, drying, weighing, grading and packing

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. Aeat hay that was cut from a dry paddock the season before
2. Bdrink water in which the adult flukes are swimming freely
3. Care bitten by a fly that has fed on an already infected animal
4. Dswallow cysts on wet grass at the edge of a vlei

1. Arumen, where they feed on the contents
2. Bbile ducts of the liver, where they lay their eggs
3. Clungs, where they cause coughing and wasting
4. Dmuscle, where they form cysts in the meat

1. Akeeping the cattle in the kraal for the whole of the dry season
2. Bdosing the herd on the same day every year, whatever the season
3. Cmoving the herd onto the vlei grazing during the wettest months
4. Ddraining and fencing off wet ground and timing the dosing

1. Asale as cut flowers or pot plants, for export, and to beautify the place
2. Bthe timber that the flowering plants will supply after some years
3. Cthe grazing they provide for the cattle during the dry season
4. Dthe shade they give to the crop growing in the field behind them

1. Adividing the roots of an old plant into single fibres
2. Bplanting the fallen petals in a bed of clean river sand
3. Cseed sown broadcast in the place where the shrub is to grow
4. Dhardwood or semi-hardwood cuttings 200 to 300 mm long

1. Asuppress weeds and conserve moisture around the roots
2. Bprevent the shrub from being blown over by a strong wind
3. Ckeep the leaves of the shrub clear of the surface of the soil
4. Draise the level of the soil around the stem of the young shrub

1. Acutting the shrub back hard and examining the cut stems
2. Bshaking the branches over a sheet spread on the ground
3. Cinspecting the young shoots and the undersides of the leaves
4. Ddigging the roots of the shrub up and washing them clean

1. Akeeps the sward dense and green, so that weeds are crowded out
2. Bkills the moss and the broad leaved weeds growing in the sward
3. Craises the pH of the soil underneath the growing grass
4. Dlevels out the hollows in the surface of an established lawn

1. Awashes the fertiliser off the leaves before it can scorch them
2. Ballows the lawn to be mown on the same day that it is watered
3. Cdraws the roots down, so the lawn stands dry spells better
4. Dkeeps the surface of the lawn wet so that it never dries out

1. Athe grass only takes water up when the light is dim
2. Bless water is lost to evaporation at those times of day
3. Cthe mower cuts more cleanly on grass watered at those hours
4. Dwatering in the heat of the day would scald the grass leaves

1. Aa lawn is permanent, so the soil cannot be worked again
2. Bthe grass will not root at all in soil that has been dug
3. Cthe soil will be dug over again at the end of every season
4. Da shallow bed makes the grass much easier to mow later on

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. Aletting the seedlings dry out completely before they are lifted
2. Bgradually accustoming nursery seedlings to full outdoor conditions
3. Cpressing the soil down hard around the roots after transplanting
4. Dcutting the tops off the seedlings so that they grow more stems

1. Alevelling a field so that it can be irrigated by flooding it
2. Bdigging a lawn over deeply before the grass is planted on it
3. Cplanning and laying out lawns, beds, shrubs and paths to a design
4. Dgrading a farm road so that the water runs off the surface

1. Atop dressing the flower bed with a nitrogenous fertiliser
2. Bspraying the plants with a systemic insecticide
3. Cmulching the bed with grass cut from the lawn
4. Ddividing an established clump of canna or of gladiolus

1. Aalong the higher, well drained ground, at a gentle gradient
2. Bbeside the stream bank, so that water is at hand for construction
3. Cstraight down the steepest slope, so that the road is as short as it can be
4. Dthrough the vlei, where the ground is level and easy to work

1. Athe topsoil is kept on the road, where the grass can grow on it
2. Bthe road surface is left level with the ground on either side of it
3. Cthe road is raised above the surrounding ground and cambered
4. Dthe side drains are left shallower and so are easier to clean out

1. Athe gravel is pushed off the road and into the side drains
2. Bthe surface is left rough enough for the vehicles to grip on
3. Cthe material is worked towards the crown and the camber holds
4. Dthe roller does not have to travel over the soft shoulders at all

1. Acarries the weed seeds that would grow up through the surface
2. Bis soft and holds water, so the road would not carry traffic
3. Cis too valuable to leave under a road and is needed elsewhere
4. Dcontains the stones that would work up through the gravel

1. Ain the kitchen of the homestead, where it can be watched
2. Bin closed, labelled metal containers in a cool, ventilated store
3. Cin open drums standing in the sun beside the workshop door
4. Din food or drink containers, so that it is easy to pour out

1. Athe fuel would be pumped straight out again by the running engine
2. Bspilt fuel on a hot or running engine can catch fire
3. Cthe fuel gauge cannot be read while the engine is still running
4. Da running engine uses the fuel faster than it can be poured in

1. Athe depth wheel, or the hydraulic lift on the tractor
2. Bthe top link, which levels the plough from front to back
3. Cthe cross shaft, which sets the width of the front furrow
4. Dthe levelling box on the right hand lift rod of the tractor

1. Ahas inlet and exhaust valves that are opened and closed by a camshaft
2. Bcarries its lubricating oil in a sump that is kept quite separate from the fuel tank
3. Cis heavier and more complicated, and is used on tractors and lorries
4. Dcompletes its cycle in one turn of the crankshaft, giving a power stroke each turn

1. Aan oil pump drawing oil from the sump beneath the crankcase
2. Bgrease packed into the bearings when the engine is assembled
3. Coil mixed with the petrol, which lubricates as the charge burns
4. Doil splashed up by dippers on the big ends of the connecting rods

1. Athe weight of the seed pressing down inside the hopper
2. Bthe ground wheel, so seed is delivered in step with forward speed
3. Can electric motor fed from the battery of the tractor
4. Dthe hydraulic system of the tractor pulling the planter

1. Acarry the weight of the planter while it is being transported
2. Bdrive the fertiliser hopper through a chain and sprockets
3. Ccut the furrow into which the seed is about to be dropped
4. Dclose the furrow and firm the soil around the sown seed