Geography Paper 2 November 2023

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. AThe Environmental Management Act, which established the Environmental Management Agency and requires impact assessments.
2. BThe Mines and Minerals Act, which requires a rehabilitation bond once a mine closes.
3. CThe Forest Act, which protects only land already gazetted as forest.
4. DThe Water Act, which regulates the abstraction and pollution of water sources.

1. AA shortage of spare parts and technical support leaves broken pumps unrepaired for long periods.
2. BGroundwater levels beneath rural boreholes are falling faster than in urban areas for entirely natural reasons.
3. CThe boreholes were never properly capped, so surface contamination re-enters the water within weeks of drilling.
4. DRural communities are legally barred from repairing their own boreholes without a government permit.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. ALoss of the original economic function that founded the settlement in the first place.
2. BRural-urban migration bypassing the town in favour of the national capital.
3. CPoor infrastructure that discouraged residents from ever settling there.
4. DCompetition for investment from a larger, better-connected nearby city.

1. ARural schools and clinics close for lack of any remaining local population.
2. BAgricultural land use expands as newcomers take up commercial farming.
3. CRural unemployment falls to zero as incomers bring guaranteed local jobs.
4. DRural house prices rise, pricing out residents who already lived there.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. AA route-centre function, at the junction of two major rail lines.
2. BAn administrative function, as the seat of provincial government.
3. CA mining function, servicing the coalfield the town was built to work.
4. DA tourism function, servicing visitors to a nearby national attraction.

1. AZimbabwe has too few settlements of any size for a hierarchy to be tested at all.
2. BZimbabwe's population, resources and transport routes are unevenly distributed, unlike the theory's even plain.
3. CZimbabwean consumers never travel to buy goods, which the theory assumes they will do freely.
4. DThe theory applies only to settlements founded after 1980 and cannot be tested against colonial-era towns.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

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1. AEvery other country on the map was experiencing an economic boom in the early 1990s, which discouraged anyone from leaving them.
2. BSouth Africa's population was declining sharply in the early 1990s, creating an artificial labour shortage that pulled in workers.
3. CSouth Africa's industrialised, mining-based economy offered wages far above its neighbours and had long recruited migrant mine labour directly.
4. DSouth Africa is drawn at the centre of the map, which makes any arrow pointing toward it appear thicker than it really is.

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1. AThe Angola-Zambia flow represents wealthy retirees relocating for climate, while the South Africa-bound flows are all labour migration.
2. BThere is in fact no real difference; both flows were driven purely by wage differences between origin and destination.
3. CThe Angola-Zambia arrow represents tourist travel rather than any form of migration at all.
4. DThe Angola-Zambia flow was driven mainly by displacement from Angola's civil war, an involuntary movement, rather than by an economic pull toward higher wages.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. AGovernment banned all private dairy farming in favour of a single state-run monopoly producer.
2. BLand reform disrupted many of the established large-scale commercial farms that held the country's dairy breeding stock and infrastructure.
3. CA nationwide outbreak of a dairy-specific cattle disease wiped out most breeding stock in a single season.
4. DConsumer demand for milk in Zimbabwe collapsed entirely as diets shifted away from dairy products.

1. AExtension officers refusing to work with any farmer who owns a mobile phone.
2. BGaps in mobile network coverage and the cost of a smartphone in remote areas.
3. CA government ban on using mobile phones for any agricultural purpose.
4. DICT services being available only to farmers growing tobacco for export.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. AClustering lets firms share a pool of skilled labour and knowledge, an agglomeration advantage.
2. BNational law in most developed countries forbids a Hi-Tech firm from operating outside a designated cluster.
3. CHi-Tech products require a specific raw material found only in a small number of locations.
4. DClustering is required so that every firm in the cluster can share one single electricity substation.

1. APeripheral regions always lack any land at all on which a new factory could be built.
2. BFirms still gravitate toward existing agglomeration economies, skilled labour, infrastructure and market access, unless incentives are large and sustained.
3. CIncentives are illegal under international trade law and so cannot be offered in practice.
4. DFirms are legally required to remain in the region where they were first founded.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. ATo provide free mining equipment to every registered small scale miner in the country.
2. BTo set a fixed low price for gold so that mining becomes unprofitable and miners leave the sector.
3. CTo offer a formal, better-paying market for gold, discouraging miners from smuggling it out unrecorded.
4. DTo confiscate gold from any miner found operating without a formal mining licence.

1. ALicensing, formal equipment and legal claims require capital and paperwork many miners cannot access.
2. BThe government has made it illegal for any small scale miner to apply for a licence at all.
3. CLicensed mining has been shown to be less profitable than unlicensed mining in every case.
4. DThere is no benefit whatsoever to holding a licence, so no miner has any reason to apply.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. AA wide, flat site would generate more electricity than a narrow gorge ever could.
2. BThe gorge keeps the dam wall short and economical, while the hard rock is strong enough to bear its weight safely.
3. CA narrow gorge is required only because it looks more attractive to tourists visiting the dam afterward.
4. DHard rock is needed purely to prevent fish from being able to swim past the dam wall.

1. AA transformer steps up the voltage first, which then causes water to be released through the penstock onto the turbine.
2. BThe generator spins first and pulls water up into the reservoir behind the dam through the penstock.
3. CWater is released directly into the transmission grid without passing through any turbine or generator.
4. DWater falls through a penstock onto a turbine, the turbine spins a generator, and a transformer steps up the voltage for the grid.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. AGlobal trade volumes rose steadily throughout 2020 as demand for goods increased.
2. BShipping costs and container availability improved sharply during the pandemic.
3. CSupply chains became shorter and more reliable everywhere almost overnight.
4. DInternational tourism, an invisible trade, collapsed as borders closed.

1. ACross-border trade with every neighbouring country was suspended for the whole of the last decade.
2. BAll cross-border trade in Zimbabwe passes through a single, fully automated recording post.
3. CA large share of it is carried out informally by individual traders, outside the recorded, formal channels.
4. DZimbabwean law bans any statistical agency from measuring cross-border trade at all.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. ASelling manufactured goods abroad while importing only raw materials in return.
2. BHaving no trade relationship at all with any economy outside their own region.
3. CExporting low-value raw materials while importing higher-value manufactured goods.
4. DReceiving more foreign direct investment than any developed economy in the world.

1. AAfrican governments have made domestic investment illegal in every economic sector.
2. BForeign Direct Investment is in fact smaller in value than domestic investment in every African country.
3. CDomestic banks refuse as a matter of policy to lend to any local business whatsoever.
4. DDomestic savings and capital markets in most African countries remain too shallow to fund large-scale investment on their own.