Geography Paper 2 June 2023

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. AInfiltration of rainwater through granite aquifers, which releases trapped gases as the water table rises each wet season.
2. BCombustion of fossil fuels by vehicles and coal-fired power stations such as Hwange, together with veld fires and firewood burning.
3. CTranspiration from irrigated tobacco fields, which releases water vapour that reacts with sunlight to form ground-level ozone.
4. DPhotosynthesis by miombo woodland during the rainy season, which releases oxygen faster than the atmosphere can absorb it.

1. AAcid rain, which damages vegetation, buildings and water bodies wherever it falls.
2. BDepletion of stratospheric ozone above the polar regions.
3. CAn enhanced greenhouse effect that traps outgoing longwave radiation.
4. DPhotochemical smog, which reduces visibility and cuts the sunlight reaching crops.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. AThe CBD always sits on the most fertile soil, which raises its value for any use built on it.
2. BResidential zoning is banned in the CBD, which by itself is what drives the rent upward.
3. CIt is the point of maximum accessibility, so the uses that can pay the most for that access outbid every other use for the site.
4. DCity by-laws fix CBD rents above those charged anywhere else in the municipal boundary.

1. AHeavy industry, since land there is cheap and its pollution and noise are kept away from most residents.
2. BHigh-order retail and offices, since they need to be reachable from every part of the city at once.
3. CHigh density, low income housing, since residents there need to be within walking distance of the CBD itself.
4. DHigh income residential housing, since wealthy residents want to live as close to the CBD as land allows.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

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1. AThe map's key assigns Saharan territory a lower dot value than the rest of the continent, so fewer dots are needed to show the same population.
2. BColonial administration never surveyed the Sahara, so its population was left off the map entirely.
3. CThe Sahara's extreme aridity limits the agriculture that would otherwise support a farming population there.
4. DInternational boundaries across the Sahara are drawn so as to deliberately exclude any settled population.

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1. AInternational boundaries converge along the Nile, and population is always drawn dense along a boundary line.
2. BThe valley's irrigation and fertile alluvium support intensive farming, sustaining a dense agricultural population.
3. CCairo's proportional circle is drawn deliberately oversized to make the surrounding valley look more populated than it is.
4. DThe Nile valley receives Africa's heaviest rainfall, well above that of the West African savanna shown further west.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

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1. ABeef cattle require far less land and feed per animal than pigs or poultry, which is why farmers switched away from it.
2. BConsumer demand for beef fell steadily worldwide across the whole period shown on the graph.
3. CPork and poultry are shown on a different vertical scale on Fig. 4.1, which exaggerates how fast they appear to rise.
4. DPork and poultry are reared intensively on short breeding cycles, letting output expand quickly to meet rising demand.

1. ADependence on patented seed from a small number of suppliers, raising input costs each planting season.
2. BA total ban on selling any crop, GM or otherwise, once a smallholder has planted a GM variety.
3. CGuaranteed crop failure within the first three seasons of adopting a GM variety.
4. DThe complete elimination of pest damage on every crop planted anywhere near a GM field.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

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1. AEurope's share is undercounted on Fig. 5.1 because European visitors are recorded twice, once on arrival and once on departure.
2. BVictoria Falls and Zimbabwe's wildlife attractions are located exclusively within the Africa and Middle East travel zone.
3. CRegional visitors travel more cheaply and often for cross-border trade or to visit friends and relatives, unlike distant long-haul travellers.
4. DZimbabwe's tourism authority actively refused to issue visas to European visitors throughout 2010.

1. ARemoving all entry requirements so that any visitor may enter without a passport.
2. BRestricting arrivals to regional visitors only, to reduce pressure on the site's infrastructure.
3. CClosing competing attractions elsewhere in the region so that Victoria Falls has no alternative destination.
4. DVisa facilitation, such as the KAZA Univisa, paired with airport and road infrastructure investment.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. ATimbering and rock-bolting, used against the risk of an unsupported shaft roof collapsing.
2. BDust suppression and respirators, used against the risk of underground flooding.
3. CVentilation shafts and gas detectors, used against the risk of rock falls in an open pit.
4. DPumping and drainage systems, used against the risk of gas explosion or poisoning.

1. AFormal safety measures only work on rock types that illegal panners never actually encounter.
2. BIllegal operations lack the capital, training and regulatory oversight those measures depend on.
3. CZimbabwean law explicitly bans safety equipment from being used at any unlicensed mining site.
4. DIllegal panning sites are always located too far from any water source for pumping equipment to matter.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. AHwange's coal seams were discovered only within the last decade, so the field is still being explored rather than worked.
2. BZimbabwe has no other viable source of electricity generation of any kind, renewable or otherwise.
3. CInternational agreements require Zimbabwe to mine a fixed coal quota every year regardless of demand.
4. DExisting rail infrastructure links the coalfield directly to the power station and to export routes, keeping extraction costs viable.

1. AWhichever country the mineral is eventually exported to.
2. BThe number of years since the mineral deposit was first discovered.
3. CThe scale of the operation and the strength of the regulatory enforcement behind it.
4. DThe mineral's market price on the day extraction begins.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. AThe annual percentage change in GNP.
2. BTotal value of exports in the year.
3. CLife expectancy at birth.
4. DTotal GDP for the year.

1. ARural labour in growth-point areas refuses to work in industrial jobs.
2. BThey lack the investment capital and reliable power supply that industry needs to locate there.
3. CNational law forbids any factory from being built outside Harare or Bulawayo.
4. DGrowth points have no road access to the rest of the country at all.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. ADesertification, caused directly by the high-yielding varieties themselves regardless of how they are farmed.
2. BOzone depletion, caused by the fertiliser applied to high-yielding varieties.
3. CCoastal erosion, caused by irrigation water draining from Green Revolution farmland into the sea.
4. DGenetic erosion, the loss of the traditional crop varieties that farmers stopped planting.

1. AIrrigated schemes cover only a small share of total cultivated land, so most farmers remain rain-fed.
2. BIrrigation has been found to lower crop yields compared with relying on rainfall alone.
3. CIrrigation schemes are banned from growing food crops and may only grow export cash crops.
4. DZimbabwe has no rivers or dams capable of supplying any irrigation scheme at all.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. ABetter schools and healthcare available at the destination.
2. BLand shortage limiting farming opportunities at home.
3. CExisting family and social networks already established at the destination.
4. DWar, persecution or political instability in the migrant's home area.

1. AThey lower consumer demand in the host economy by sending all their income home.
2. BThey help sustain the working-age labour force and its tax and pension contributions.
3. CThey reduce the host country's total tax revenue by working exclusively in the informal sector.
4. DThey replace the need for the host country to train its own workforce in any sector.