Geography Paper 2 November 2004

1. AIsoline map, drawn by connecting points of equal recorded traffic speed on the roads
2. BChoropleth map, using shaded colour bands to show traffic density across each road corridor
3. CDot map, using one dot to represent each individual vehicle counted along the roads
4. DFlow-line map, using arrows whose width shows volume and whose direction shows the flow

1. ARandom sampling, in which every point in the area has an equal, independent chance of being selected
2. BStratified sampling, in which the area is divided into sub-zones, and points are then sampled within each one
3. CSystematic sampling, in which points are selected at fixed, evenly-spaced intervals across the whole area
4. DCluster sampling, in which whole neighbouring groups of points are selected together as a single sampling unit

1. AIt reduces the total number of sample points required compared with sampling done entirely at random
2. BIt avoids needing to define a boundary line between the two zones before sampling begins
3. CIt removes any need for prior knowledge of the two zones before sampling design begins
4. DIt ensures both contrasting zones are represented in the results, allowing direct comparison

1. AIt declines steadily once population size passes a fixed numerical threshold set by resources
2. BIt fluctuates randomly from one period to the next with no consistent underlying pattern at all
3. CArithmetically, increasing by the same constant amount each period, matching food supply's rate
4. DGeometrically, increasing by a constant multiple each period, e.g. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16

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1. ACities offer stronger schooling opportunities, so most migrant households relocate mainly to enrol young children
2. BMigration is dominated by young working-age adults moving to seek employment in the city
3. CRetirement and healthcare provision draw the largest number of elderly migrants into the city
4. DMigration rates are roughly equal across every age group, with no particular age concentration

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1. ACounter-urbanisation, in which population and activity move away from the city into smaller towns
2. BRank-size distribution, in which city sizes decrease smoothly and predictably down the urban hierarchy
3. CSuburbanisation, in which population and activity move outward from the inner city into its own suburbs
4. DUrban primacy, where one city dominates the hierarchy far beyond what its size alone would predict

1. ACounter-urbanisation, the further outward movement of population beyond the suburbs into smaller towns and rural areas
2. BRe-urbanisation, the movement of population and economic activity back into the inner city after a period of decline
3. CSuburbanisation, the outward movement of population and economic activity from the inner city into its surrounding suburbs
4. DUrbanisation, the general growth of towns and cities as population shifts from rural areas into urban areas

1. AOutdoor recreation land
2. BResidential land
3. CTransport/utilities land
4. DIndustry/commerce land

1. ACommercial farming, producing mainly for market sale using capital-intensive, mechanised methods
2. BCooperative farming, in which several households jointly own and manage land and equipment together
3. CShifting cultivation, in which farmers clear and cultivate a plot before moving on to a new plot
4. DSubsistence farming, producing mainly for the farming household's own consumption on a small scale

1. ARanching and forestry: extensive land uses with the lowest sensitivity to transport costs, located furthest out
2. BActivities entirely unaffected by transport costs or land rent, located at no particular distance
3. CMarket gardening and dairying: intensive, transport-sensitive land uses located nearest the market
4. DExtensive grain farming: a moderately intensive land use with moderate sensitivity to transport costs

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1. AAgglomeration, the clustering of related firms together to share infrastructure, labour, and suppliers
2. BDe-industrialisation, the long-term decline of a country's or region's manufacturing base
3. CDiversification, the spreading of a firm's or region's activity across several different products or sectors
4. DImport-substitution, the domestic manufacture of goods that a country previously imported

1. AExternal economies of scale, cost savings from growth of the surrounding industry as a whole
2. BImport-substitution, replacing goods a country previously imported with domestically manufactured versions
3. CInternal economies of scale, cost savings gained purely from growth of the firm's own individual output
4. DAgglomeration diseconomies, the rising costs a firm faces once an industrial cluster becomes overcrowded

1. AEcotourism, small-scale, nature-focused tourism designed to minimise environmental impact
2. BMass tourism, large-scale package tourism with high visitor numbers concentrated at popular resorts
3. CAdventure tourism, small groups undertaking physically demanding activities in remote natural settings
4. DDomestic tourism, travel taken by residents of a country to destinations within their own country

1. AEurope, at 145 gigajoules per capita
2. BOceania, at 173 gigajoules per capita
3. CNorth America, at 317 gigajoules per capita
4. DCentral America, at 137 gigajoules per capita

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1. ASubsidised fuels, sold to consumers below their full production cost by government support
2. BTraditional fuels, gathered directly by users rather than bought, such as fuelwood and animal dung
3. CCommercial fuels, bought and sold in the market, such as coal, oil, natural gas, and electricity
4. DRenewable fuels, replenished naturally over a short timescale, such as solar, wind, and hydro power

1. AWater pollution, from untreated sewage and effluent entering rivers and water bodies
2. BAir pollution, from vehicle exhaust and industrial emissions released into the atmosphere
3. CLand pollution, from uncollected solid waste and illegal dumping on open ground
4. DNoise pollution, from traffic, industrial machinery, and construction activity

1. ATo connect rural villages directly to one another and reduce internal migration
2. BTo support domestic tourism between the country's major cities
3. CTo move minerals and cash crops from the interior to coastal ports for export
4. DTo link inland cities to each other and reduce reliance on road transport

1. APeripheral region, lying at the margins of the national economy with limited infrastructure investment
2. BResource frontier region, a previously undeveloped area opened up for exploitation of a specific resource
3. CCore region, concentrating industry, investment, and infrastructure well beyond the national average
4. DDownward transition region, an older industrial or agricultural region experiencing economic decline

1. AGrowth pole, a planned centre of investment intended to stimulate development in a wider surrounding region
2. BResource frontier region, a previously undeveloped area opened up for exploitation of a specific resource
3. CCore region, the most economically developed part of a country, concentrating industry and investment
4. DDownward transition region, an older industrial or agricultural region experiencing economic decline

Answer this when you sit the paper.