Chemistry Paper 2 June 2023

1. Athe particles occupy most of the volume of the container
2. Ball the particles move with the same speed
3. Cthe particles attract one another strongly
4. Dthe collisions between particles are perfectly elastic

1. A53
2. B88
3. C106
4. D212

1. A0.0023
2. B0.0056
3. C0.075
4. D0.150

1. Aclose together but in a disordered, loosely-packed arrangement, held by intermolecular forces that allow them to move past one another.
2. Bfar apart in a completely random arrangement, with negligible forces acting between them at all.
3. Cclose together in a fixed, highly ordered lattice, held rigidly in place by strong intermolecular forces that prevent any movement at all.
4. Din a regular, repeating crystalline pattern, identical in every way to the solid state.

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1. A$1s^22s^22p^63s^2$
2. B$1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^4$
3. C$1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^6$
4. D$1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^63d^2$

1. Ais oxidised from $+4$ to $+5$
2. Bis reduced from $+5$ to $+4$
3. Cis reduced from $+5$ to $+2$
4. Ddoes not change its oxidation state

1. A$+1.23\ V$; the reaction is not feasible
2. B$-1.23\ V$; the reaction is feasible
3. C$+2.31\ V$; the reaction is feasible
4. D$+1.23\ V$; the reaction is feasible

1. Acubic, and spherical.
2. Bspherical, and dumbbell-shaped (two lobes).
3. Cdumbbell-shaped (two lobes), and spherical.
4. Dboth spherical, differing from each other only in radius.

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1. Ahas stronger covalent bonds within its molecules
2. Bhas a much higher relative formula mass
3. Cis a giant ionic lattice with strong electrostatic forces
4. Dcontains hydrogen bonds

1. Areacts with water to form a gas
2. Bhas a giant covalent structure with strong bonds throughout
3. Cis denser than water
4. Dis a non-polar simple molecule

1. A$2SO_2 + O_2 \rightleftharpoons 2SO_3$
2. B$SO_3 + 2H_2O \rightarrow H_2SO_3 + H_2O_2$
3. C$S + O_2 \rightarrow SO_3$
4. D$SO_2 + H_2O \rightarrow H_2SO_4$

1. Aa filled, unusually stable 3s orbital that requires noticeably more energy to break into than any other subshell available in the atom.
2. Ba 3d orbital, which is always higher in energy than any p or s orbital in the same shell of any atom.
3. Cthe nucleus directly, since aluminium has one more proton in its nucleus than magnesium.
4. Da 3p orbital, which is higher in energy and further from the nucleus (better shielded) than the full 3s orbital in magnesium.

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1. Achlorine with an $AlCl_3$ catalyst in the dark
2. Bconcentrated hydrochloric acid under reflux
3. C$PCl_5$ at room temperature
4. Dchlorine in ultraviolet light

1. Acyclohexane
2. Bbenzaldehyde
3. Cbenzoic acid
4. Dphenol

1. Adehydration with concentrated $H_2SO_4$
2. Breduction with $NaBH_4$
3. Coxidation with acidified $K_2Cr_2O_7$ under reflux
4. Dhydrolysis with aqueous NaOH

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1. A2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH), giving an orange/yellow precipitate.
2. BTollens' reagent, which would give a silver mirror forming on the inner walls of the test tube upon gentle warming.
3. CFehling's solution, giving a brick-red precipitate on heating.
4. Dbromine water, which is decolourised immediately at room temperature.

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1. Ahas a very low boiling point
2. Bis saturated and has no reactive functional group
3. Cis insoluble in water
4. Dis a gas at room temperature

1. Aare smaller, so the van der Waals forces between them are weaker
2. Bform fewer hydrogen bonds
3. Ccontain stronger covalent bonds
4. Dare more polar

1. A2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, which gives an orange precipitate with Y only
2. Biron(III) chloride, which gives a violet colour with X only
3. Csodium metal, which gives a gas with X only
4. Daqueous sodium carbonate, which fizzes with Y only

1. Apolar, but with a dipole oriented in the wrong direction to attract water.
2. Bnon-polar and cannot form hydrogen bonds with the polar water molecules.
3. Cdenser than water, so they sink without ever mixing into solution.
4. Dtoo large to fit between the water molecules in the liquid.

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1. Aeffervescence (bubbles of hydrogen gas) as both -OH groups react with the sodium.
2. Bthe sodium dissolves completely with no visible gas evolved at all.
3. Ca colour change from colourless to a deep violet as the reaction proceeds.
4. Da white precipitate forms immediately because the resulting sodium salt is completely insoluble in the reaction mixture.

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1. A1 and 100 mm
2. B1 and 100 pm
3. C1 and 100 nm
4. D1 and 100 $\mu$m

1. Anone of them, because all are neutral at pH 7
2. Bglycine, because it exists as a zwitterion
3. Caspartic acid, because it has a second carboxyl group
4. Dlysine, because its extra amino group is protonated

1. A$-1$
2. Bzero
3. C$+1$
4. D$+2$

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