Geography Paper 1 November 2022

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1. AConditional instability, since the parcel only becomes unstable after it is first lifted to saturation.
2. BNeutral equilibrium, since the parcel matches the temperature of its surroundings at every height.
3. CAbsolute instability, since the parcel is always warmer than its surroundings and keeps rising.
4. DAbsolute stability, since the parcel is always cooler than its surroundings and sinks back.

1. AThe burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas for power, industry and transport.
2. BNatural decay of forest litter releasing carbon dioxide during the annual dry season.
3. CNatural volcanic eruptions releasing stored carbon dioxide from deep within the Earth's crust.
4. DIncreased solar radiation output raising ocean temperatures and releasing dissolved carbon dioxide.

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1. AFrontal rainfall, caused by warm air riding up gently over a wedge of retreating cooler air along a shallow frontal surface, typically giving prolonged, gentle rain rather than a short, thundery shower.
2. BCyclonic rainfall, caused by air converging and rising around a deep low pressure centre.
3. COrographic rainfall, caused by air being forced to rise over a mountain barrier.
4. DConvectional rainfall, caused by intense surface heating driving rapid upward air currents.

1. AIt has no measurable effect on limestone buildings, monuments or other stonework, since acid rain is assumed to affect only living organisms such as fish, amphibians and trees.
2. BIt acidifies lakes and rivers and leaches toxic aluminium from soils, killing fish and amphibians.
3. CIt raises the pH of lakes and rivers, making them more hospitable to fish and amphibian eggs.
4. DIt increases soil calcium and magnesium content, permanently improving forest soil fertility.

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1. AThe soil store is being replenished by weathering input faster than it is depleted by leaching and erosion, so nutrient levels in the cleared area's soil are actually rising over time, unlike in the undisturbed forest.
2. BThe biomass store now holds most of the system's nutrients, exactly as it does in the undisturbed forest.
3. CLitter fall has increased because the remaining vegetation produces more leaf litter than the original forest canopy.
4. DThe cycle has been broken: the biomass store that held most nutrients is gone, and the soil store is being steadily depleted by leaching and erosion.

1. AThe measures are effective only in temperate climates and cannot function in a savanna climate at all.
2. BThe measures actively increase soil erosion rates whenever they are applied on sloping ground, since disturbing the soil surface to build ridges or plant grass strips is assumed to expose more bare earth than leaving it untouched.
3. CPopulation pressure and communal grazing systems often push cultivation and livestock beyond what the land can sustain, undermining the measures.
4. DSavanna soils are naturally immune to erosion, so such measures address a problem that does not exist.

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1. AIt volatilises nitrogen and destroys organic matter rather than simply returning ash nutrients to the soil.
2. BIt permanently doubles the soil's nitrogen content compared with an unburned savanna, since the ash produced by any fire, controlled or not, is assumed to add more nitrogen than the standing vegetation held before it burned.
3. CIt has no measurable effect on soil nutrients, only on the height of the grass canopy.
4. DIt has an identical effect, since any fire simply converts dead plant material into ash nutrients.

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1. ARelief
2. BTime
3. CParent material
4. DClimate

1. APersistent low pressure drawing moist air continuously into the region.
2. BA permanently strengthened ITCZ sitting further south than usual every year.
3. CEl Nino events in the Pacific Ocean, which alter global atmospheric circulation.
4. DA weak solar cycle reducing total incoming radiation across the whole globe equally.

1. ADrought damages the turbines directly through increased dust in the surrounding air.
2. BFalling dam water levels reduce the head of water available to drive the turbines.
3. CFalling temperatures during drought reduce the efficiency of the generating equipment.
4. DDrought increases electrical demand so much that supply cannot keep pace regardless of water levels.

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1. ADeforested basins have a larger total catchment area than forested basins of the same shape.
2. BForested soils are impermeable because tree roots are assumed to compact the ground so tightly that water cannot infiltrate them at all, forcing all rainfall to become direct surface runoff.
3. CForested basins receive less total rainfall than deforested basins during the same storm.
4. DVegetation intercepts and transpires water and promotes infiltration, delaying and reducing the runoff reaching the channel.

1. AFor flash floods from highly localised, intense convectional storms in poorly gauged rural basins.
2. BFor seasonal, slow-rising floods on a large, well-gauged river with decades of discharge records.
3. CFor floods on rivers where an accurate, long-term rainfall record already exists.
4. DFor floods in basins with an extensive, well-maintained network of river gauges, since more monitoring stations are wrongly assumed to make short-term prediction harder rather than easier.

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1. AClay particles are actually heavier per unit volume than sand or gravel particles, so it is their greater density, not cohesion, that is assumed to require the higher velocity shown on the graph to erode them.
2. BClay particles are chemically repelled by water, preventing the flow from lifting them at all.
3. CThe graph's clay values are a printing error and should be read as identical to the sand values.
4. DClay's flat shape and cohesive, electrostatic bonding make particles stick together and to the bed, resisting erosion.

1. AIt directly disturbs river beds and banks and dumps loosened spoil material straight into the channel.
2. BIt has no measurable effect on sediment load, only on water chemistry, since the disturbance caused by panning is wrongly assumed to dissolve into the water rather than physically loosening the stream bed itself.
3. CIt increases rainfall in the catchment, which indirectly raises the river's total sediment load.
4. DIt removes sediment from the river, so it should reduce rather than increase downstream siltation.

1. ASaturation increases the slope's overall angle, directly exceeding its angle of repose.
2. BSaturation raises pore water pressure within the slope material, reducing frictional resistance between particles while adding weight.
3. CSaturation dissolves the rock minerals entirely, removing the slope material altogether.
4. DSaturation freezes the slope material even in warm climates, causing it to instantly fracture and detach, confusing rainfall-triggered failure with the freeze-thaw process typical of periglacial regions.

1. ASlopes retreat backward maintaining a constant angle over time, leaving an expanding pediment at the base, rather than declining in angle.
2. BSlopes only ever form through glacial erosion, regardless of the underlying climate, ignoring the very different slope evolution processes King and Davis describe for warm, ice-free landscapes.
3. CSlope angle steadily declines through time exactly as Davis's model also proposes, with no meaningful difference between the two theories.
4. DSlopes cannot change shape at all once their initial angle has been established by the underlying rock.

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1. AHumid tropical climates have no vegetation, so weathering there depends entirely on temperature.
2. BPeriglacial rock types are chemically identical to tropical rock types, so climate cannot explain the difference.
3. CIn periglacial climates water is mostly frozen and temperature is too low for rapid chemical reaction, so mechanical freeze-thaw dominates instead of deep chemical weathering.
4. DPeriglacial climates have more total annual precipitation than humid tropical climates, which would, if true, explain why their weathering profiles are so much deeper rather than so much shallower.