Geography Paper 1 June 2004

1. AThe mean annual rainfall and temperature recorded for the region over the past decade
2. BThe number of visitors who have crossed the site during the current calendar year
3. CSpecies present and percentage ground cover of vegetation
4. DThe underlying soil type and parent rock found beneath the site

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. ATransect sampling, using a single line of measurement drawn across the area
2. BQuadrat sampling, using a grid of sample plots spread across the study area
3. CInterview sampling, relying on local residents' memories of past vegetation cover
4. DAerial sampling, using photographs taken from an aircraft or drone only

1. AThe albedo effect, where shortwave radiation is reflected back to space without being absorbed
2. BThe Coriolis effect, where the Earth's rotation deflects moving air and ocean currents
3. CThe greenhouse effect, where the atmosphere absorbs and re-radiates outgoing longwave radiation
4. DThe adiabatic effect, where air temperature changes as rising or sinking air expands or compresses

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. AReduced solar radiation reaching the poles due to the tilt of the Earth's axis
2. BLower heat capacity of oceans compared to land during the winter months
3. CIncreased Coriolis deflection of winds blowing across continental interiors
4. DUrbanisation, where concrete and asphalt surfaces store and release extra heat

1. ASaturation vapour pressure is lower over ice than over water, so vapour deposits onto the ice crystals
2. BIce crystals carry a stronger electrical charge than supercooled droplets, which attracts surrounding water vapour molecules
3. CSupercooled droplets evaporate faster than ice crystals because of their higher surface tension
4. DIce crystals are denser than water droplets, so vapour condenses onto the heavier particles first

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. AThin clouds lack sufficient ice crystals for the Bergeron process to begin, even with supercooled droplets present
2. BDeep clouds form at a lower altitude where higher air pressure compresses water droplets together
3. CDeep clouds contain far more dust particles that act as extra condensation nuclei near the cloud base
4. DStrong updraughts in deep clouds let droplets grow large through repeated collision as they are held aloft

1. ARivers running through valleys release warm water vapour that condenses instantly on contact with cool air
2. BValleys receive more solar radiation during the day, which holds extra moisture in the air after dark
3. CValley floors develop higher air pressure overnight that traps water vapour close to the ground
4. DCold, dense air drains downslope overnight and pools on the valley floor, cooling it further

Answer this when you sit the paper.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. AA braided channel, splitting the river into multiple shifting strands of flow
2. BAn oxbow lake, isolated from the main channel once the meander neck is cut through
3. CA point bar, built up by deposition on the inner bank of an active meander bend
4. DA levee, built up along the outer edge of the floodplain during repeated flooding

1. ATerracing, cutting stepped platforms into the valley sides above the channel to slow runoff
2. BAquifer recharge, pumping surplus water back into underground rock layers to raise the water table near the channel
3. CChannelisation, cutting and straightening the river's course into a more direct artificial channel
4. DAfforestation, planting trees along the river's floodplain to intercept rainfall before it reaches the channel

1. AIts dark surface colour absorbs extra solar radiation, accelerating thermal expansion cracking
2. BIts high iron content oxidises rapidly whenever it is exposed to moist air
3. CIts crystalline structure expands and contracts sharply with the daily temperature changes typical of granite
4. DCalcium carbonate in limestone dissolves readily in slightly acidic rainwater through carbonation

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. AStalactites, formed as dissolved calcium carbonate is redeposited hanging down from the cave roof
2. BClints, the flat blocks of limestone pavement left standing between the widened joints
3. CStalagmites, formed the same way but rising up from the cave floor instead of hanging from the roof
4. DSwallow holes, where a surface stream disappears underground through a joint in the limestone

1. AThe oxides dissolve in rainwater to form acid rain, which speeds up carbonation weathering
2. BThe oxides form a protective crust over the rock surface that seals out further moisture
3. CThe oxides raise local air temperature enough to accelerate thermal expansion cracking
4. DThe oxides bond directly with calcium carbonate to form a new, more weather-resistant compound

1. ATemperate maritime climates, where frequent freeze-thaw cycles gradually smooth the slope profile
2. BArid or semi-arid climates, where limited chemical weathering preserves a sharp break of slope
3. CHumid tropical climates, where continuous heavy weathering rounds off all slope angles over time
4. DPolar climates, where permafrost keeps most slope material frozen in place year-round

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. AIt mainly affects shear strength on very gentle, low-angle slopes, having little practical effect on steep ones
2. BIt cements loose particles together, permanently increasing the slope's overall shear strength
3. CIt adds weight to the slope material and reduces internal friction, lowering its shear strength
4. DIt evaporates rapidly on steep slopes, drawing fine particles up towards the surface

Answer this when you sit the paper.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. AWhere iron-rich water repeatedly rises and evaporates near the surface during a marked dry season
2. BWhere cool highland temperatures slow almost all chemical weathering to a near standstill
3. CWhere high rainfall and consistently free drainage produce constant, uninterrupted downward leaching of minerals
4. DWhere waterlogging from impeded drainage creates a permanently saturated, gleyed soil layer

1. AMonocropping, growing a single crop continuously across the same field to simplify management
2. BDeep ploughing, turning the soil to its maximum depth before every single planting season
3. CSlash-and-burn clearing, removing existing vegetation cover by burning before cultivation begins
4. DContour ridging, ploughing along the slope's contour lines to slow surface runoff and trap eroded soil

1. APassive continental margins, where there is no current relative plate movement
2. BConstructive (divergent) boundaries, where two plates move apart from each other
3. CDestructive (convergent) boundaries, where two plates move together and collide
4. DConservative (transform) boundaries, where two plates slide horizontally past each other

1. ASubduction, where oceanic crust descends beneath an overriding plate into the mantle
2. BRifting, where continental crust is stretched, thinned and pulled apart
3. CAccretion, where sediment scraped off a descending plate is added to a continent's edge
4. DObduction, where a slab of oceanic crust is thrust up onto a continent intact

1. AHigh and rugged, with steep slopes and sharp peaks produced by ongoing tectonic uplift
2. BEvenly rounded throughout, having been smoothed entirely by chemical weathering
3. CLow and gently undulating, similar to shield relief but developed on much younger rock
4. DFlat and largely featureless, having been levelled by extensive glacial erosion

1. AWind shear directly at the equator is too strong for a rotating storm to develop
2. BCoriolis force is too weak directly at the equator to start the storm's rotation
3. CEvaporation rates directly at the equator are too low to supply enough moisture
4. DAtmospheric pressure directly at the equator is consistently too high for a storm to organise

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. AEarly-warning satellite tracking combined with organised evacuation planning for coastal residents
2. BIncreasing the frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones themselves through deliberate cloud seeding programmes
3. CRelocating the entire coastal population inland before the start of every cyclone season
4. DPlanting a single row of mangrove trees directly at the expected point of landfall

1. ASolifluction, the slow downslope flow of waterlogged soil over frozen ground
2. BAbrasion, the sandblasting of exposed rock surfaces by wind-blown sand grains
3. CDeflation, the removal of loose fine material from the surface by wind
4. DCorrasion, the grinding of a riverbed and banks by sediment carried in flowing water

1. ADeflation, wind removing loose fine material and lowering the desert surface
2. BHydraulic action, fast-flowing water compressing and forcing air into rock cracks
3. CAbrasion, wind-blown sand grains wearing away and sandblasting exposed rock surfaces
4. DAttrition, transported rock fragments wearing each other down through repeated collision

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. APrevailing onshore winds blow loose sand into a curved dune shape that builds up at the tip
2. BWave refraction and longshore drift bend the deposited material around the spit's growing end
3. CThe spit's own accumulated weight causes it to sag and curve under gravity as it steadily lengthens over time
4. DTidal currents scour a curved channel through the seabed that loose sand then simply fills in

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. ATwo separate river mouths, connected by a channel cut by longshore currents
2. BA headland to a nearby wave-cut platform, connected only after a collapsed sea arch exposes the link
3. CTwo adjacent beaches, connected by a submerged sandbar visible only at low tide
4. DThe mainland to an offshore island, connected by a spit built up through wave deposition

1. ADiscontinuous permafrost, forming patchily where temperatures are only marginally cold enough
2. BContinuous permafrost, an unbroken frozen layer found in the coldest regions
3. CSporadic permafrost, forming isolated patches at the warmer margins of the permafrost zone
4. DSeasonal permafrost, freezing completely and thawing again within a single year

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. AAn oxbow lake, filling an abandoned meander loop cut off from a river
2. BA crater lake, filling the collapsed caldera left by a volcanic eruption
3. CA thaw lake, filling a depression left behind as ground ice melts
4. DA kettle lake, filling a hollow left by a stranded block of glacial ice