Geography Paper 1 November 2004

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1. ARanking the 20 stations from wettest to driest and listing them in a table beside the map.
2. BPlotting each station's total at its correct location and drawing isohyets to interpolate rainfall values between them.
3. CPlotting each station's total at its correct location and joining them with contour lines of equal elevation, which actually represent height above sea level rather than rainfall.
4. DCalculating one average rainfall figure for the whole area and shading the entire map a single colour.

1. ARainfall at the station is reliable, varying little from year to year.
2. BRainfall at the station is increasing steadily over time.
3. CRainfall at the station is decreasing steadily over time.
4. DRainfall at the station is unreliable, varying greatly from year to year.

1. AThe greenhouse effect is caused mainly by carbon dioxide, while global warming is caused mainly by methane and water vapour, as if they were two entirely separate sets of gases.
2. BThe greenhouse effect is most noticeable in urban areas, while global warming is treated as a separate process that occurs mainly over oceans.
3. CThe greenhouse effect is the natural trapping of outgoing long-wave radiation by atmospheric gases, while global warming is the additional warming caused by rising greenhouse gas concentrations from human activity.
4. DThe greenhouse effect is described as a recent phenomenon caused entirely by industrialisation over the last two centuries, while global warming is treated as the older natural process that existed long before any human industry began.

1. AUrban areas typically have more vegetation and open water than rural areas, increasing cooling by evapotranspiration.
2. BDark tarmac and concrete surfaces absorb heat and slowly re-radiate it long after sunset.
3. CTall buildings trap heat and reduce wind flow that would otherwise dissipate it.
4. DVehicle and industrial emissions release additional heat directly into the urban atmosphere throughout both the working day and the night.

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1. ARain typically falls only in winter months, while hail typically falls only in summer months.
2. BRain forms from condensation occurring at ground level, while hail forms from condensation occurring inside clouds.
3. CRain and hail form through the same process, differing only in the temperature of the air the drops pass through as they fall, with hail simply being rain that freezes once on the way down.
4. DRain is liquid precipitation falling from clouds once droplets grow heavy enough, while hail is layered ice pellets formed when strong up-draughts carry droplets repeatedly through freezing levels before they fall.

1. AThunderstorm frequency across Africa depends mainly on distance from the ocean, and Central Africa happens to be closest to the coast.
2. BCentral Africa has more thunderstorms because it sits at a much higher average altitude than the Sahara, and altitude alone, regardless of moisture or air stability, determines thunderstorm frequency.
3. CCentral Africa lies near the equator, where high insolation and humidity sustain persistent convectional uplift, while the Sahara lies under subsiding, dry air that suppresses convection.
4. DThe Sahara has fewer thunderstorms because it receives more solar radiation than Central Africa, which suppresses cloud formation there.

1. ALarge-scale irrigation, because it removes moisture from the local atmosphere through evaporation and therefore reduces rainfall in the surrounding area.
2. BUrbanisation, because heat-island warming intensifies local convection and cloud formation, tending to increase local rainfall.
3. CBuilding tall dams, because they physically block moisture-bearing winds from reaching the surrounding area.
4. DDeforestation, because removing trees reduces evapotranspiration and local moisture recycling, which increases local rainfall.

1. AClose to one bank, where flow accelerates most on the outside of a meander bend rather than in the centre of a straight channel.
2. BJust below the surface in the centre of the channel, away from frictional drag at the bed and banks.
3. CRight at the bed, where the channel is deepest and most confined.
4. DRight at the banks, where the channel narrows and water is forced through a smaller space.

1. AA baseflow-dominated response, typical of catchments with steep slopes and sparse vegetation that nonetheless allow slow, sustained groundwater seepage into the channel.
2. BA 'flashy' response, typical of catchments with impermeable surfaces, steep slopes, or sparse vegetation that limit infiltration.
3. CA 'flashy' response, typical of catchments with permeable soils and dense forest cover that maximise infiltration.
4. DA baseflow-dominated response, typical of catchments with impermeable surfaces that store little water underground.

1. AUrbanisation, because impermeable surfaces increase surface runoff and reduce infiltration, raising peak discharge.
2. BTerracing hillslopes, because it slows overland flow and encourages infiltration, reducing runoff.
3. CBuilding small check dams along tributary streams, because they store water and release it gradually, reducing peak flow.
4. DAfforestation, because trees intercept rainfall and increase infiltration into the soil, reducing peak runoff.

1. AOverland flow occurs mainly on very gentle slopes, since gravity has far less pull on the water there and it simply pools on the surface instead of infiltrating into the soil below.
2. BOverland flow is caused by groundwater rising through bedrock joints and emerging at the surface.
3. CRainfall intensity exceeds the soil's infiltration capacity, or the soil is already saturated, so excess water flows over the surface rather than soaking in.
4. DOverland flow is most common on steep slopes, because water there has less time to infiltrate before running off.

1. AA concave crest grading into a straight mid-slope and then a convex foot slope.
2. BA stepped slope with several vertical cliffs separated by flat terraces.
3. CA convex crest grading into a straight, steep mid-slope and then a concave foot slope.
4. DA uniformly straight slope from crest to foot, with no change in gradient at any point.

1. AOvergrazing, because removing vegetation cover increases infiltration and reduces runoff.
2. BRoad-cutting into the slope base, because it removes support at the base and increases infiltration higher up.
3. CDeforestation for fuelwood, because removing the soil's vegetation cover increases its infiltration capacity.
4. DAfforestation, because tree cover and roots increase infiltration and bind the soil, reducing overland flow.

1. ABlock disintegration and granular disintegration both occur only underwater, on rock that is permanently submerged and exposed to constant wave action grinding it into smaller angular fragments over centuries.
2. BBlock disintegration is a chemical process, while granular disintegration is a purely biological process.
3. CBlock disintegration splits rock along joints and bedding planes into large angular blocks, while granular disintegration breaks rock down into individual mineral grains from differential expansion of grains under repeated heating and cooling.
4. DBlock disintegration breaks rock into individual mineral grains, while granular disintegration splits rock along joints into large angular blocks.

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1. AOvergrazing, which removes vegetation cover and compacts the soil surface.
2. BSandy soil texture that is inherently prone to particle detachment.
3. CIntense seasonal rainfall falling on sparsely vegetated, erodible sandy soils.
4. DNaturally low vegetation density typical of the savanna biome.

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1. APodsols are red, iron-rich soils typically found in hot, wet tropical climates, while latosols are pale, leached soils with a hardpan typically found in cool, humid climates, the reverse of how these soils actually form.
2. BPodsols form in cool, humid climates through leaching that removes iron and aluminium oxides into a lower hardpan, while latosols form in hot, wet tropical climates through intense weathering that leaves the soil enriched in iron and aluminium oxides.
3. CPodsols form in hot, wet tropical climates, while latosols form in cool, humid climates.
4. DPodsols and latosols both form only in arid, low-rainfall environments with minimal leaching.

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1. ATransform faults, with frequent earthquakes but negligible volcanic activity.
2. BA central rift valley, shield volcanoes, shallow-focus earthquakes, and a mid-ocean ridge system.
3. CDeep-focus earthquakes, explosive stratovolcanoes, and a deep ocean trench.
4. DFold mountains and thrust faults, with volcanic activity limited to rare, deeply buried magma chambers.

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1. ACrust is the same age everywhere in the ocean basin, since it all formed at the same time.
2. BCrust is oldest at the mid-ocean ridge, close to where it first formed, and becomes progressively younger with increasing distance away from it on both sides.
3. CCrust is youngest at the mid-ocean ridge and becomes progressively older with distance away from it on both sides.
4. DCrust age is randomly distributed and unrelated to distance from the mid-ocean ridge.

1. ATsunamis are the primary direct cause of both earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, rather than being a secondary hazard that these events can sometimes trigger afterwards.
2. BEarthquakes release lava and ashfall, while volcanic eruptions cause ground shaking and rupture.
3. CBoth earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur mainly in the centre of stable continental plates, far from any boundary.
4. DEarthquakes cause ground shaking and rupture, while volcanic eruptions release lava, pyroclastic flows, ashfall, and gases.

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1. AHigh, reliable rainfall and low evaporation throughout the year promote deep chemical weathering, producing thick, heavily leached soils and dense evergreen forest vegetation.
2. BArid soils are typically thick and fertile because evaporation concentrates nutrients at the surface, supporting dense vegetation growth.
3. CVegetation in arid areas is dense because drought-adapted plants grow faster there than plants in wetter climates.
4. DLow, unreliable rainfall and high evaporation limit chemical weathering and leaching, producing thin, often saline soils and sparse, drought-adapted vegetation.

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1. AHydraulic action, abrasion (corrasion), and corrosion (solution) acting at the cliff base.
2. BLongshore drift and deposition building up a beach at the cliff base.
3. CFreeze-thaw weathering breaking up rock on a glacier's surface.
4. DEvaporation and salt crystallisation, a process more typically associated with desert rock outcrops than coastal cliffs.

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1. ASoft engineering, such as beach nourishment and managed retreat, works with natural sediment processes, while hard engineering, such as sea walls and groynes, can starve down-drift beaches of sediment.
2. BHard engineering methods such as beach nourishment add sand to replenish an eroding beach without disrupting natural processes.
3. CSoft engineering is typically favoured on low-lying sandy beaches where wave energy is lower, while hard engineering is considered better suited to rocky, high-energy coastlines that face stronger wave attack.
4. DSoft engineering uses concrete sea walls and rock armour, while hard engineering uses beach nourishment and managed retreat.

1. AAccumulation and ablation are roughly balanced this year, so the glacier's size stays about the same for the season.
2. BAblation exceeds accumulation, causing the glacier to retreat or thin.
3. CAccumulation exceeds ablation, which in this case causes the glacier to retreat and gradually thin rather than advancing as might be expected.
4. DAccumulation (mainly in the upper zone) exceeds ablation (mainly in the lower zone), causing the glacier to advance or thicken.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

Answer this when you sit the paper.

Answer this when you sit the paper.