Geography Paper 1 November 2003

Answer this when you sit the paper.

1. ALimestone is a resistant, well-jointed rock that can maintain steep gradients, while clay is weak and easily eroded, producing gentle, concave profiles.
2. BThe limestone valley receives far more rainfall than the clay valley every year, and this extra rainfall is what causes the sharper erosion seen near the top of each slope profile.
3. CThe clay valley lies at a much higher altitude, where colder temperatures reduce the maximum angle a slope can sustain.
4. DThe limestone slopes have not yet been exposed to any weathering processes, unlike the older clay slopes.

1. ADry air absorbs water vapour from condensation nuclei as it descends and warms.
2. BMoist air expands and warms as it rises, causing water vapour to disperse evenly through the atmosphere.
3. CMoist air is heated well above its dew point as it descends, which causes water vapour to evaporate more rapidly onto condensation nuclei suspended in the surrounding air.
4. DMoist air is cooled below its dew point, becomes saturated, and water vapour changes to liquid water on condensation nuclei such as dust or salt particles.

1. ADrainage pattern refers to the number of tributaries a river has, while drainage density refers to the river's total discharge.
2. BDrainage pattern is the geometric arrangement of streams in plan view, such as dendritic or trellised, while drainage density is the total length of streams per unit area of land.
3. CDrainage pattern and drainage density both measure the same underlying property of a river network, just expressed at different map scales and using different units of measurement.
4. DDrainage pattern is the total length of streams per unit area, while drainage density is the geometric arrangement of streams in plan view.

1. ALimestone is permeable, so rainwater infiltrates through joints and solution features instead of forming surface streams.
2. BLimestone weathers more slowly than sandstone, so fewer valleys have had time to form.
3. CLimestone areas are generally flatter than sandstone areas, reducing the gradient available for streams to form.
4. DLimestone contains more clay minerals than sandstone, which blocks channel formation at the surface.

1. Aephemeral
2. Bintermittent
3. Cinfluent
4. Dperennial

1. AA higher total annual rainfall falling on the high-discharge basin than on the other basin.
2. BThick vegetation cover in the high-discharge basin, which intercepts less rainfall than expected and therefore speeds up the movement of water into the channel below.
3. CImpermeable underlying rock in the high-discharge basin, which generates more surface runoff and a higher peak discharge.
4. DA gentle valley-floor gradient near the river mouth in the high-discharge basin.

1. Ahydration
2. Bcarbonation
3. Cchelation
4. Dhydrolysis

1. Ahydrolysis
2. Bhydration
3. Coxidation
4. Dchelation

1. AA xerosere begins in a wet habitat such as open water, while a hydrosere begins in a dry habitat such as bare rock.
2. BA xerosere describes succession only in tropical climates, while a hydrosere describes succession only in temperate climates.
3. CA xerosere and a hydrosere both begin in wet habitats, differing only in the vegetation that first colonises the site.
4. DA xerosere begins in a dry habitat such as bare rock, while a hydrosere begins in a wet habitat such as open water or a bog.

1. Aslow-growing climax rainforest trees that formed the original canopy
2. Bhardy pioneer species such as grasses and ferns
3. Cshrubs that require deep, well-developed soil to establish
4. Depiphytes that grow only on an established forest canopy

1. Aintrazonal
2. Bresidual
3. Czonal
4. Dazonal

1. AFoot-slope soils are usually deeper and enriched with material washed down from higher up the slope, and are often more poorly drained.
2. BFoot-slope soils are thinner than crest soils because far more material has been steadily removed by erosion and leaching at the base of the slope over a long period of time.
3. CFoot-slope soils are similar in depth and drainage to crest soils, since slope position has little influence on soil development.
4. DFoot-slope soils are composed mainly of exposed bedrock, with far less soil development than at the crest.

1. Athrust fault
2. Bnormal fault
3. Creverse fault
4. Dstrike-slip fault

1. Amodern engineering and strict building codes are now widely believed to have made major earthquake damage very unlikely along almost every active fault zone in populated regions worldwide.
2. Bpopulation and infrastructure are concentrated along fault-related valleys or coastal lowlands, increasing the potential for loss of life and damage when movement occurs.
3. Cfault movement occurs at a constant, predictable rate that allows the exact day of the next earthquake to be forecast.
4. Dvolcanic activity along the fault produces continuous minor tremors that release built-up stress before it can cause a major earthquake.

1. Athe Amazon Basin interior
2. Bthe Sahel region of Africa
3. Cthe North European Plain
4. Dthe Pacific 'Ring of Fire'

1. Avolcanic eruptions
2. Btsunamis triggered by sudden fault rupture
3. Ctropical cyclones
4. Dearthquakes

1. Arock pediment, then a low-relief desert plain (bajada/playa), then alluvial fans
2. Brock pediment, then alluvial fans, then a low-relief desert plain (bajada/playa)
3. Ca low-relief desert plain (bajada/playa), then alluvial fans, then rock pediment
4. Dalluvial fans, then rock pediment, then a low-relief desert plain (bajada/playa)

1. Aisostatic rebound
2. Blateral planation
3. Cbackwearing (parallel retreat)
4. Ddownwearing (peneplanation)

1. Aberm
2. Bspit
3. Ctombolo
4. Dbar

1. Adecreased river discharge as estuaries dry out further inland
2. Breduced longshore drift, causing beaches to widen naturally
3. Cincreased coastal erosion and flooding, with the shoreline migrating landward
4. Dexposure of former seabed as new land, creating raised beaches above the new shoreline

1. Amedial moraine
2. Blateral moraine
3. Cterminal moraine
4. Dground moraine

1. Aa braided river
2. Ba misfit river
3. Can antecedent river
4. Da meandering river