Combined Science Paper 2 November 2022

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1. AIt is a root hair cell, and it absorbs water and dissolved mineral salts from the surrounding soil.
2. BIt is a guard cell, and it opens and closes the stoma to control the loss of water vapour.
3. CIt is a xylem vessel, and it carries water and mineral salts up the stem to the leaves.
4. DIt is a palisade cell, and it carries out photosynthesis to manufacture food for the plant.

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1. Astored inside the chloroplasts until the plant needs to respire at night.
2. Bdissolved in the xylem sap and carried down the stem to the root hairs.
3. Cchanged back into carbon dioxide inside the air spaces of the leaf.
4. Dreleased into the surrounding air through the stomata of the leaf.

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1. Athe inner wall of each guard cell is thicker and less elastic than the outer wall, so the cells curve apart when turgid.
2. Bthe guard cells have no cell wall at all, so they can change shape freely as water enters and leaves them.
3. Cthe guard cells are attached to the veins of the leaf, which pull them apart whenever water reaches the leaf from the roots.
4. Dthe guard cells contain no chloroplasts, so they stay cooler than the cells around them and shrink at night.

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1. AIt is released by the uterus after fertilisation and holds the developing embryo firmly in place.
2. BIt brings about the maturing of the ovum in the ovary and causes the uterus lining to thicken ready for implantation.
3. CIt causes the whole lining of the uterus to break down and be lost from the body, which is seen as the monthly menstrual flow.
4. DIt thins the lining of the uterus so that a fertilised ovum can pass through the wall more easily.

1. Atriggering the release of the ovum from the ovary halfway through the cycle.
2. Bstarting the growth of a new follicle in the ovary at the very beginning of each cycle.
3. Cbreaking down the lining of the uterus at the start of the menstrual flow.
4. Dmaintaining the thickened lining of the uterus so that a pregnancy can be supported.

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1. Aday 1 and day 5 of the cycle
2. Bday 6 and day 10 of the cycle
3. Cday 11 and day 15 of the cycle
4. Dday 21 and day 25 of the cycle

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1. Aa gas has less mass than a solid of the same size, so a smaller force is needed to push it inwards.
2. Bthe particles of a gas are far apart with large spaces between them, and these spaces can be reduced.
3. Cthe particles of a gas are much smaller in size than the particles of a solid, so they squash easily.
4. Dthe particles of a gas are held in fixed positions and simply vibrate faster when they are pushed.

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1. Airon, magnesium, zinc, copper
2. Bmagnesium, zinc, iron, copper
3. Czinc, magnesium, copper, iron
4. Dcopper, iron, zinc, magnesium

1. Airon is more reactive than copper, so it displaces the copper from the solution and the copper is deposited on the nail.
2. Bthe blue colour of the solution is soaked up by the surface of the nail and dries there as a brown coating.
3. Cthe sulphate part of the solution attacks the iron and leaves behind a brown layer of iron sulphide.
4. Dcopper is more reactive than iron, so it drives the iron out of the nail and takes its place in the sulphate solution.

1. Aa petrol engine burns its fuel directly, while a diesel engine first turns the fuel into electricity.
2. Ba petrol engine has pistons that move up and down, while a diesel engine has pistons that spin round.
3. Ca petrol engine draws in air together with its fuel, while a diesel engine works with fuel alone and takes in no air.
4. Da petrol engine uses a spark plug to ignite the fuel, while a diesel engine ignites its fuel by compression.

1. Aboth valves are closed, the spark plug fires and the burning mixture drives the piston downwards.
2. Bthe exhaust valve opens and the piston moves up, pushing the burnt gases out of the cylinder.
3. Cboth valves are open, the spark plug fires and the burning gases push the piston upwards.
4. Dthe inlet valve opens, the piston moves down and a fresh mixture of petrol and air is drawn in.

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1. AIt can change the temperature of the body directly, without any movement of the body taking place.
2. BIt can change the speed of the body, or change the direction in which the body is moving.
3. CIt can change the chemical make up of the body from one substance into another one.
4. DIt can change the mass of the body by adding matter to it while the body is moving.

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1. Aelectrical energy in the cell to chemical energy in the wires to sound and light energy at the bulb
2. Blight energy at the bulb to electrical energy in the wires to chemical energy stored in the cell
3. Cheat energy in the cell to electrical energy in the wires to chemical energy given out at the bulb
4. Dchemical energy in the cell to electrical energy in the wires to light and heat energy at the bulb

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1. Acosts nothing at all to set up, since the panels and batteries are supplied free.
2. Bcan be stored in a container as a liquid fuel and carried easily from place to place.
3. Cgives out no smoke or waste gases to pollute the air while it is being used.
4. Dsupplies exactly the same amount of power at night as it does during the day.

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1. Awatery diarrhoea with severe dehydration, and painful cramps in the muscles of the legs.
2. Ba swelling of the glands in the neck with a rash that spreads over the chest, the back and the arms.
3. Ca lasting cough that brings up blood, with chest pain and a steady loss of body weight.
4. Da high fever with shivering and sweating, together with headache, vomiting and aching joints.

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1. Areacts with the fuel fumes inside the vehicle and produces a gas that can poison the driver.
2. Bdamages the driver's liver over the years, and the law is there to protect the health of the driver.
3. Cslows down the driver's reaction time, so the driver is much more likely to cause a road accident.
4. Dsharpens the driver's eyesight for a short while and then leaves it blurred for several days.

1. Athe body stores extra fat, so the person gains weight steadily and becomes much stronger.
2. Bmoney is spent on drink instead of on the needs of the home, and the family is neglected.
3. Cthe person needs more sleep than usual and therefore wakes up better rested each morning.
4. Dthe blood carries oxygen around the body faster, which makes hard physical work feel easier.

1. Amechanical digestion changes food into soluble nutrients, while chemical digestion carries those nutrients from the gut into the bloodstream.
2. Bmechanical digestion breaks food into smaller pieces physically, while chemical digestion uses enzymes to change insoluble food into soluble nutrients.
3. Cmechanical digestion uses enzymes to break down large molecules into small ones, while chemical digestion grinds the food into smaller pieces using the teeth.
4. Dmechanical digestion happens in the stomach alone, while chemical digestion happens inside the body cells after the food has been absorbed.

1. Ato store energy as a layer of fat beneath the skin and to keep the body warm in cold weather.
2. Bto carry oxygen from the lungs to the respiring cells and to remove carbon dioxide from them.
3. Cto form the hard outer part of the bones and teeth and to help the blood to clot after a cut.
4. Dto build new cells for growth, to repair worn out tissues, and to make enzymes and hormones.

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1. Agrinding and chewing food into small pieces with their broad, ridged upper surfaces.
2. Btearing and gripping tough food such as meat with their single pointed crowns.
3. Cholding the tongue in place and mixing the saliva into the food before it is swallowed down.
4. Dcutting and biting pieces off food with their sharp, chisel shaped front edges.

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1. Arinse the mouth with a warm sugary drink each evening in order to soothe the gums.
2. Bchew hard stones or bones so as to scrape the plaque off the surface of the enamel.
3. Ceat sweets slowly through the day so that the sugar is spread out and does less harm.
4. Dcut down on sugary foods and drinks, since sugar feeds the bacteria that cause decay.

1. Ain which no gametes are involved and the new individuals come from a single parent.
2. Bin which the offspring grow from seeds that are produced after pollination has taken place.
3. Cin which a male gamete and a female gamete join together to form a zygote.
4. Din which two parents of the same species exchange gametes before a seed is formed.

1. Athe desirable characteristics of the parent plant are passed on unchanged to every new plant.
2. Bthe new plants show a wide variety of characteristics, so some will suit any type of soil.
3. Cthe new plants can be raised from seed without the grower having to prepare any cuttings.
4. Dthe seeds that are produced are large and carry a food store that helps the seedling survive.

1. Anew plants are produced quickly and in large numbers, and they reach maturity early.
2. Beach new plant differs slightly from the rest, which helps the crop survive a disease.
3. Ctwo parents share the work of producing offspring, so each uses less of its own energy.
4. Dthe young plants are carried far from the parent, so they do not compete for light.

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1. Awild animals move into the towns, where they feed on stored crops and cut down the natural woodland.
2. Bmore land is cleared for houses and farms, natural resources are used up faster and pollution increases.
3. Cfewer people are left to work the land, so fields are abandoned and the soil is washed away by rain.
4. Dthe demand for water falls sharply, so rivers and dams silt up and the water standing in them goes stale.

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1. Aclosed and left standing in a warm place, so the yeast acts on the sugar without air entering.
2. Bclosed and heated strongly over a flame, so that the reaction is finished within about an hour.
3. Cleft open in bright sunlight, so that the yeast can photosynthesise while it uses up the sugar.
4. Dleft open and kept in a refrigerator, so that the yeast stays alive for as long as possible.

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1. Acatalyst
2. Bcoolant
3. Cfuel
4. Dlubricant

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1. Acan be kept in an open heap in the yard and used without any special container.
2. Bhas a higher heating value and leaves no ash or residue behind after it has burned.
3. Cis cheaper to carry from place to place, because it does not need to be kept under pressure.
4. Dproduces a solid ash that can be gathered up and burned again as a second fuel.

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1. Ajoins with the haemoglobin in the blood, so the blood can no longer carry enough oxygen.
2. Bhas a sharp smell that irritates the nose and the throat and makes sleeping uncomfortable.
3. Cburns the skin where it touches it and leaves a black deposit of soot over the walls.
4. Ddissolves in the moisture of the lungs to form an acid that slowly damages the alveoli.

1. AIt turns blue litmus paper green, and it gives off oxygen when a reactive metal is added.
2. BIt turns blue litmus paper red, and it fizzes with a carbonate to give off carbon dioxide.
3. CIt turns red litmus paper blue, and it feels soapy when it is rubbed between the fingertips.
4. DIt leaves litmus paper unchanged, and it gives off hydrogen when mixed with a carbonate.

1. AIt has a sour taste, and it gives off carbon dioxide when it is added to a metal carbonate.
2. BIt leaves damp litmus paper white, and it releases hydrogen when added to a metal oxide.
3. CIt turns blue litmus paper red, and it neutralises an alkali to form a salt and hydrogen.
4. DIt turns red litmus paper blue, and it neutralises an acid to form a salt and water.

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1. Astage 1: a sheller or a winnowing basket; stage 3: a grinding stone or a pestle and mortar
2. Bstage 1: a grinding stone or a pestle and mortar; stage 3: a sheller or a winnowing basket
3. Cstage 1: a sieve and a sealed storage jar; stage 3: a frying pan held over an open fire
4. Dstage 1: a frying pan and a stirring stick; stage 3: a sieve and a measuring cylinder

1. Adried in the open sun for several days until they are hard enough to break by hand.
2. Bheated under low heat until they turn brown, and their loose skins are then rubbed off.
3. Cheated strongly over a hot flame until they turn black and give off a sharp burnt smell.
4. Dwarmed in water until they swell, and then left to cool overnight before being ground.

1. Akills the seed inside each groundnut, so that it cannot germinate while stored in the jar.
2. Bdraws the oil out of the groundnuts, so that the finished peanut butter keeps its shape.
3. Cdestroys enzymes that would spoil the taste and smell, improves the flavour and makes grinding easier.
4. Dadds water to the groundnuts, so that the paste that is produced is smoother and much easier to spread.

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1. Afor filling motor vehicle radiators, since it does not boil away in a hot engine.
2. Bas a fuel for lamps alone, because it burns with a very bright and smokeless flame.
3. Cfor frying and cooking food, and as an ingredient in soaps and skin moisturisers.
4. Dfor preserving fresh meat by sealing it, since it destroys the bacteria that spoil food.

1. Athe total distance travelled by a body divided by the total mass of that same body.
2. Bthe product of the mass of a body and the distance it moves in a stated direction.
3. Cthe rate of change of displacement of a body, that is the displacement per unit time.
4. Dthe rate of change of the speed of a body, that is the change in speed per unit time.

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1. Asteel, because it is strong and holds the heat inside the pot rather than the handle.
2. Bcopper, because it is a good conductor and spreads the heat away from the hand.
3. Cwood, because it is a poor conductor of heat and so stays cool enough to hold.
4. Daluminium, because it is light and carries the heat quickly out into the open air.

1. Athe heated particles pass their energy on to the next particles along the water while staying in their fixed positions.
2. Bthe heat travels through the water as invisible waves that need no particles at all to carry them along.
3. Cthe heated water expands and becomes less dense, so it rises while colder, denser water sinks to take its place.
4. Dthe water particles at the surface gain energy and escape, drawing heat up from the bottom of the pot.

1. Aa sudden heating of the air along a path, which makes a loud sound as the air expands very quickly.
2. Ba movement of electric charge between two clouds, or from a cloud down to the ground.
3. Ca stream of light given off by water droplets when they are lit up by the sunshine.
4. Da build up of static charge on the surface of the ground during a very heavy storm.

1. AShelter under the tallest lone tree in an open field, since its branches spread the charge safely.
2. BStand in an open field holding up an umbrella, so that the charge runs down the metal frame to the ground.
3. CStay inside a building fitted with a lightning conductor, and keep away from water and metal objects.
4. DSit in a bath of water, because water carries the charge away from the body more quickly than air.

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1. Aits keys are plucked, so that they vibrate and set the air around them vibrating too.
2. Bair is blown into it, so that the column of air inside the instrument starts to vibrate.
3. Cits body is warmed by the player's hands, so that the wood expands and creaks loudly.
4. Dit is held still in a stream of moving air, which whistles as it passes over the body.

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1. Ait is shaken from side to side so that the seeds inside strike the walls of the body.
2. Bits keys are plucked, so that they vibrate and pass the vibrations on to the air outside.
3. Cair is blown into it, so that the column of air inside the instrument is set vibrating.
4. Dits body is rubbed with a dry cloth until the friction makes the material hum softly.

1. Aa force is applied at right angles to the direction in which the body is moving along.
2. Ba force is applied to a body and held steady, even though the body does not move at all.
3. Ca body moves along at a steady speed, whether or not any force is acting on that body.
4. Da force moves its point of application through a distance in the direction of the force.

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