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Paper 2 · November 2025 · couples; resultant of coplanar forces; gravitational potential; geostationary orbit

Two forces acting on an object form a couple. Which statement gives the conditions the two forces must satisfy?

AThey are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, but share the same line of action.
BThey are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, and act along parallel lines a distance apart.
CThey are unequal in magnitude and opposite in direction, and act along parallel lines a distance apart.
DThey are equal in magnitude and act in the same direction, along parallel lines a distance apart.

Explanation

A couple is a pair of forces that produces a turning effect but no resultant force. The forces must therefore be equal in magnitude and opposite in direction so that they cancel as vectors, and they must act along different parallel lines so that the perpendicular distance dd between them is not zero. The torque of the couple is FdFd, so if the two forces shared one line of action dd would be zero and there would be no turning effect at all. Unequal forces would leave a resultant force, and forces in the same direction would simply add.

Derived from ZIMSEC Physics Paper 2, November 2025, Q1

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